2017年5月10日 星期三

法院討論新加坡專利修正 - 新加坡高等法院Novartis v. Ranbaxy案例

案件資訊:
受理法院:SGHC(新加坡高等法院)
第一原告/專利權人:Novartis AG and another
第二原告:專屬被授權人
被告:Ranbaxy (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd
系爭專利:SG120119(申請號:2003056389)

新加坡專利全文不容易取得(應該是要登入專利局),因此就以其家族專利之一US6465502來理解,專利權人Novartis(諾華)是國際大藥廠,從EPO的家族資料來看(其中之一原始優先權案:EP19980811257,1998-12-23),光這件的家族就有59件,但尚未(也難)理解各案之間的差異為何,但可知到大廠的佈局會用不同又不只一件的優先權案交叉佈局。

本案緣起Novartis已經專屬授權專利藥品給另一公司。被告Ranbaxy為馬來西亞公司,進口相關成份到新加坡,名為"Starval Tablets"(膠囊),獲得Health Sciences Authority(如新加坡的藥品管理機關)同意販售。於是,Novartis提起訴訟,主張藥品一經進口,將侵害其專利權。

被告Ranbaxy因此提出專利無效,理由是系爭專利相對於先前技術不具新穎性。這也是用途發明一般會面對的障礙。

Novartis這件US6465502是一種使用發明(use invention),關於治療肺癌的方法,專利範圍就是「施以具有療效劑量的"valsartan"」,其中"valsartan"是針對腎病、心臟病、糖尿病的藥或是成份,Novartis將此開發成治療肺癌方法的用藥



"valsartan"原本的用途也寫在專利說明書中,也呼應在一些網路中文資訊中。

原本用途:"Angiotensin II interacts with specific receptors on the surface of the target cell. Success has by now been achieved in identifying receptor subtypes which are, for example, designated ATreceptors and ATreceptors. Studies on the renin-angiotensin system, particularly in relation to hypertension, have increased almost exponentially over the last decade. As a result, the number of receptors for Angiotensin II have now been identified and some of them have been cloned and analysed. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to identify the substances which bind to the ATreceptor, with active compounds of this nature frequently being termed angiotensin II antagonists. As a consequence of the inhibition of the ATreceptor, these antagonists can, for example, be employed as antihypertensives or for treating congestive heart failure."

系爭專利目的:"The aim of the studies described hereafter is to evaluate the distribution of ATand ATreceptors in the human lung using essentially the immunocytochemical and the in situ hybridisation methodologies."

因為Novartis為了保全專利,對系爭專利作出需要與前案區隔的修正,於是,本案議題為修正關聯的專利的有效性,也就是修正專利說明書是否產生新事物(additional matter)的標準。涉及的新加坡專利法:修正不得產生超出說明書內容的事物

83.—(1) In any proceedings before the court or the Registrar in which the validity of a patent is put in issue, the court or, as the case may be, the Registrar may, subject to section 84, allow the proprietor of the patent to amend the specification of the patent in such manner, and subject to such terms as to the publication and advertisement of the proposed amendment and as to costs, expenses or otherwise, as the court or Registrar thinks fit.
...

84.—(1) An application for a patent which—
...
(3) No amendment of the specification of a patent shall be allowed under section 38 (1), 81 or 83 if it—
(a) results in the specification disclosing any additional matter; or
(b) extends the protection conferred by the patent.

法院對於這個階段的修正的態度:

「修正不得超出說明書以外的事物」算是一般修正原則,沒有爭議,爭議在是否有"超出說明書"的修正?

是否可以允許加入新的事物(針對說明書)的標準,法院提出三個判斷法則(這裡中文是自己的詮釋,詳情請見判決文或以下摘錄內容):
(a)相關領域技術人員來看修正是否明確與隱含在說明書中;
(b)相關修正是否與核准的專利一致(也就是修正應僅限於明確內容、誤繕等不超出原核准範圍的範疇);
(c)比較修正前後的內容來決定刪減與增加是否改變發明。

"(a) to ascertain through the eyes of the skilled addressee what was disclosed, both explicitly and implicitly in the application; (b) to do the same in respect of the patent as granted; and (c) to compare the two disclosures and decide whether any subject matter relevant to the invention had been added whether by deletion or addition."

如此來看,核准後的修正原則是修正限於明確或隱含在說明書內容的增減。
"The comparison was strict in that subject matter would be added unless such matter was clearly and unambiguously disclosed in the application either explicitly or implicitly:"

對於修正是否有新事物加入,或是法院是否同意修正,法院將考量:
(a)是否專利權人已經揭示修正的所有相關資訊;
(b)是否修正符合法定要求;
(c)是否專利權人延遲修正,需要提出延遲理由;
(d)是否專利權人藉由修正取得不公平的優勢;以及
(e)是否專利權人的行為阻礙了修正。

"(a) whether the patentee had disclosed all the relevant information with regard to the amendments; (b) whether the amendments were permitted in accordance with the statutory requirements; (c) whether the patentee delayed in seeking the amendments (and, if so, whether there were reasonable grounds for such delay); (d) whether the patentee had sought to obtain an unfair advantage from the patent; and (e) whether the conduct of the patentee discouraged the amendment of the patent"

因此,法院認為,由於修正將引發專利範圍限縮與擴大,相關修正應仍明確地由原說明書所教示,不能因為修正而產生實質專利性的影響,因此不允許產生此類新事物的修正。

法院認為,專利權人應該盡早提出先前技術等證據,以及提出對應的修正,不得故意延遲,否則需要解釋。

原則是,相關領域技術人員是否意識到修正產生新的事物,這是判斷修正是否引入新事物的原則。

Novartis在本案審理中提出修正,包括刪減專利項,並修正說明書、申請專利範圍以明確與前案差異。系爭專利是用途發明,因此需要加強前案用途,以明確本案的專利性。例如:


是否同意修正,或是修正是否在相關領域技術人員可以明確地由說明書所得知而沒有新事物加入的問題,需要專家證詞,因此法院審理過程也引用專家證詞。

專利同樣也面對被告提出先前技術的挑戰。藥品專利,修正是否有新事物,涉及是否說明書可以明確地衍生出修正的範圍,相關判斷門檻看來都頗為複雜。


嚴格地討論藥品成份:


經通過以上修正判斷考驗,解決各種疑慮,並克服前案阻礙,法院最後核准專利權人提出的修正。

案件檔案備份:
https://app.box.com/s/9cx2zohdjzenwhxi4jg3vwidxfbiboe9

新加坡專利法(備份檔):https://app.box.com/s/7vkek5n5gnh7j53t2hwkie63x5j6b1vg

其他參考:
新加坡智慧財產局:
https://www.ipos.gov.sg/

Swiss type claim:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2010/03/swiss-type-claim.html

"valsartan"的相關資訊:
http://www.leehospital.com.tw/衛教天地/healthy02-1.html

Ron

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