本篇討論申請專利前的販售之要約行為(販售或販售之要約(供應與採購合約,Supply and Purchase Agreement))是一種公開的動作,法院認為,即便販售之要約本身沒有揭露發明內容,這個販售或要約行為也仍會使得在後申請的專利無效("on-sale bar")。
On-Sale Bar
在專利申請前(包括新穎性優惠期前)有販售行為或是販售之要約等行為,表示「發明已經完成(reduced to practice)」,並能提出專利申請,也就使得這個行為構成專利的先前技術。("the invention was reduced to practice and therefore was ready for patenting before the critical date")
案件資訊:
原告/專利權人/被上訴人:HELSINN HEALTHCARE S.A.
被告/上訴人:TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC., TEVA PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.
系爭專利:US7,947,724、US7,947,725、US7,960,424、US8,598,219
本案緣起專利權人Helsinn在新澤西地方法院對Teva Pharmaceuticals提出侵權告訴,Helsinn主張Teva的新藥侵害其專利權,而Teva反擊,主張其新藥已經在Helsinn的專利申請日(因為涉及有效申請日/新穎性優惠期等日期,這裡稱critical date)前已經有販賣之要約(offer for sale),認為專利不具新穎性(35 U.S.C. 102,四件系爭專利中三件適用pre-AIA,一件適用AIA)。地院經調查後,認為專利申請日前確實有公開行為,但是當時的發明並未完成,非102公開。
系爭專利為降低化療噁心嘔吐副作用(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting,"CINV")的一種靜脈內液體製劑(intravenous formulations of palonosetron),如US7,947,724的Claim 2:
1. A pharmaceutically stable intravenous solution for reducing emesis or reducing the likelihood of emesis comprising:
a) from 0.03 mg/ml to 0.2 mg/ml palonosetron or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, buffered at a pH of from 4.0 to 6.0; and
b) a pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous carrier including a tonicifying effective amount of mannitol and from 0.005 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml EDTA.
2. The solution of claim 1 wherein the palonosetron or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is in concentration of about 0.05 mg/ml.
1. A pharmaceutical single-use, unit-dose formulation for intravenous administration to a human to reduce the likelihood of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, comprising a 5 mL sterile aqueous isotonic solution, said solution comprising:
palonosetron hydrochloride in an amount of 0.25 mg based on the weight of its free base;
from 0.005 mg/mL to 1.0 mg/mL EDTA; and
from 10 mg/mL to 80 mg/mL mannitol,
wherein said formulation is stable at 24 months when stored at room temperature.
地方法院階段:本侵權訴訟經地院審理後,針對前3件系爭專利在所述critical date前雖有商業販售之要約,但發明並未完成而預備申請專利。最後1件系爭專利則在critical date前沒有商業販售之要約,也沒有完成而預備申請專利。認為專利有效。
CAFC階段:
這裡提到的「critical date」為January 30, 2002,原因是四件系爭專利都是同一家族,申請日溯及2003/01/30的臨時申請案(provisional application),而在新舊專利法的一年優惠期來看,可以排除January 30, 2002後自己公開的發明內容的新穎性阻礙。系爭專利中'219則為適用AIA的申請案,仍保有有效申請日前一年內的新穎性優惠期。
議題一,在此critical date以前的販售之要約(包括販售)行為(即便沒有公開發明細節)是否構成新穎性前案?
系爭專利最早臨時申請案的優先權日"之前",甚至在前述critical date之前,與另一藥廠MGI Pharma Inc.簽約授權用來減緩化療後副作用的用藥,但合約並非公開給大眾,只是專利權人Helsinn在簽署合約(包括如果FDA不同意上市,即終止契約)之後,開始人體實驗,多數病患覺得新藥有減緩化療副作用的用處。近兩年後,才提出臨時申請案(Jan. 30, 2004)。
Helsinn承認合約中表明若FDA核准新藥上市,就專屬將藥品賣給MGI,這就是一個商業販售的合約。Helsinn主張在critical date時並未知悉FDA是否會准藥上市,也就無法履行供應與販售給MGI的合約,但CAFC認為,不論FDA是否在critical date前會核准新藥,都不能排除「on-sale bar」。
"FDA approval is not required before a sale can bar patent rights"
CAFC曾於前例Medicines作出供應或販售之要約為明確表示如請求項界定之發明的販售。
"Our en banc decision in Medicines also made clear that the offer or contract for sale must unambiguously place the invention on sale, as defined by the patent’s claims."
於是判定販售合約構成商業販售或販售之要約(offer for sale):
"Instead, the Supply and Purchase Agreement between Helsinn and MGI unambiguously contemplated the sale by Helsinn of MGI’s requirements of the claimed invention."\
(pre-AIA)
這個販售合約構成102(b)規範的商業販售或販售之要約。
"It is clear that the Supply and Purchase Agreement constituted a commercial sale or offer for sale for purposes of § 102(b) as to the asserted claims of the ’724, ’725, and ’424 patents."
(判斷的邏輯)在美國申請日前一年內的美國國內販售保有新穎性優惠期(也同時豁免103),反之,販售本身將影響專利新穎性,再根據前述意見,販售之要約也就為販售行為,因此,販售之要約也將影響專利新穎性。
35USC102(b)
A person shall be entitled to a patent unless —
(b) the invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country or in public use or on sale in this country, more than one year prior to the date of the application for patent in the United States, ...
議題二,「秘密合約或交易」是否仍阻礙專利新穎性?
法院曾在案例In re Caveney表示,販售或是販售之要約將引發"on-sale bar",也就是阻礙專利新穎性,即便這是個秘密交易,法院仍作出對特定人販售或立約將阻礙他人(包括自己,若已經超出一年)獲取專利。
(AIA)
系爭專利'219適用AIA。法院表示,在AIA之後,以上提到的"on-sale bar"並未改變。但是35USC102(a)(1)中加入了一句"otherwise available to the public",是否表示"on-sale bar"限定在公開的販售與要約?
35USC102(a)(1)
(a) NOVELTY; PRIOR ART.—A person shall be entitled to a patent unless—
- (1) the claimed invention was patented, described in a printed publication, or in public use, on sale, or otherwise available to the public before the effective filing date of the claimed invention; ...
對於這點,法院並未明確表示"秘密販售或要約"是否影響專利新穎性,但確定的是,這些私下行為若產生公開的產品與服務,仍會阻礙專利新穎性。
"Subsection 102(a) was drafted in part to do away with precedent under current law that private offers for sale or private uses or secret processes practiced in the United States that result in a product or service that is then made public may be deemed patent-defeating prior art."
在本案例中,CAFC似乎不想要碰觸"秘密販售與要約"是否仍構成"On-Sale Bar"的議題,因為本案例中,與Helsinn簽署供應與採購合約的MGI已經將合約公開,甚至包括"部分"發明內容,因此不碰觸秘密要約的議題。
因此,即便合約內容並未揭露發明細節,在critical date之前的公開販售或販售之要約都將使得後續專利無效。
"...rejecting the argument “that the bid documents themselves must disclose the invention with respect to all claim elements” since that is “clearly not legally correct” and there can be “a definite offer for sale or a sale of a claimed invention even though no details are disclosed”"
議題三:最後,有個議題是,為何法院將"公開"販售與販售之要約作為無效專利權的條件?
理由是,已經證明,本案在critical date已經完成發明,並已預備提出專利申請;另一情況是,在critical date已經揭露讓相關領域技術人員可以據以實施的內容。本案比較像是前者。還有另一佐證是,本案合約中表明已經提出FDA新藥申請,表示已經有足夠內容可以據以實施。
結論:
CAFC認為,AIA並未改變pre-AIA設下的"on-sale bar",認為本案例發明在critical date的販售/販售之要約表示已經完成且預備提出專利申請,使得販售的行為成為專利的先前技術。如此,CAFC駁回地院決定,以此「on-sale bar」判定各系爭專利的特定專利範圍無效。
my two cent:
如果,這樣的話,會有些影響。
常在談新案時得知客戶已經有販售或是簽署合約,一般回應是,那紙合約如果沒有揭露發明內容,新案仍保有新穎性,然而,這個行為在最新的美國聯邦法院判決中已經被挑戰,當然,美國不論pre-AIA或post-AIA(改革法案)都提供了一年的優惠期限,所以這紙合約產生的影響如果在申請前一年仍可排除,但是販售或要約若超出申請前一年,就會影響專利權了。
因此,不能將「賣這個東西不代表揭露其中發明內容」當作「申請在後」的一種安慰,最好還是在販售前已經完成專利申請,或是在申請前優惠期內完成申請,並還要考量是否其他國家接受至個新穎性優惠期。
期待本案會進入最高法院來統一見解。
判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-1284.Opinion.4-27-2017.1.PDF
(備份:https://app.box.com/s/fe6nlm713px7d2y7yspxixt8gp8pmj7m)
資料來源:
http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2017/05/01/cafc-aia-on-sale-bar/id=82751/
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2017/05/heslinn-disclosing-invention.html
Ron
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