案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:ALLIED MINERAL PRODUCTS, INC., AN OHIO CORPORATION
被告/被上訴人:OSMI, INC., STELLAR MATERIALS, INC., STELLAR MATERIALS, LLC
系爭專利:
US7,503,974(專利權人:Stellar Materials, Inc.)
Mexican Patent No. 279757
本篇提到的,國外訴訟卻在美國無法啟始訴訟,其中故事很重要。
本案緣起原告Allied Mineral Products, Inc.之前在Southern District of Florida對OSMI, Stellar等公司提出"侵權不成立"、"專利無效"以及專利權人"不公平行為("inequitable conduct")"的「確認之訴("declaratory judgment")」,而地院因為認為訴訟無理由而撤銷訴訟,於是Allied Mineral Products, Inc.提出上訴。
時間回到上訴「確認之訴」之前,起源於本案例專利權人Stellar Materials, Inc.在墨西哥與Allied Mineral Products, Inc.的墨西哥經銷商Ferro Alloys de Mexico S.A. de C.V. (“Ferro”)以及Pyrotek Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V. (“Pyrotek”)的侵權爭議。Stellar在墨西哥對以上兩個經銷商發出警告信,認為他們販售Allied Mineral Products, Inc.在美國製造的水泥產品已經侵害墨西哥專利no. 279757。
Allied Mineral Products, Inc.自然出面解決問題,回應警告信,主張侵權不成立,但Stellar沒有直接回應這個回應,Stellar Materials, Inc.接續侵權告訴,不過,特別的是,Allied Mineral Products, Inc.自反倒在美國佛州地方法院提出"侵權不成立"、"專利無效"、專利權人因為"不公平行為"而無法主張專利權,以及"惡意干擾企業(tortious interference with business relationships under Florida state law)"的確認之訴。
而墨西哥訴訟原告Stellar Materials, Inc.提出"在美國缺乏訴訟主體("lack of subject matter jurisdiction")"的反訴理由,地院接受並撤銷訴訟,顯示國外訴訟無法在美國啟動實際爭議,且原專利權人Stellar也沒有意圖在美國對Allied主張其'974專利權。
理由:“Stellar’s decision to enforce its Mexican patent under Mexican law against separate entities cannot, without further affirmative action by Stellar, create an actual controversy with Allied with regard to its U.S. Patent.”
"The district court found that the complaint was “devoid of any allegations that Stellar has done
anything to give Allied a reasonable belief that Stellar intends to enforce its ’974 Patent in the United States.”"
Stellar Materials, Inc.是一個耐火建材製造商,擁有系爭專利US7,503,974,是一種水泥材料,如其中Claim 1所界定的材料,Claim 16提到水泥材料有兩部分 - A部分:氧化鎂已經熔化並粉碎成小於200微米的尺寸,以及B部分:酸性磷酸水溶液。
1. A cementitious material comprising:
a phosphate based component of calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, or magnesium phosphate; and
an alkali earth ion component comprising a majority by alkali earth ion atomic stoichiometry a calcium aluminate calcium ion source having a form selected from the group consisting of: dodeca-calcium hepta-aluminate, tricalcium aluminate, and a combination thereof where said phosphate based component and said calcium aluminate are present in proportions to yield a rigid structure upon forming a calcium phosphate.
16. A two-part cementitious material formulation comprising:
magnesium oxide tat has been fused and crushed to a size of less than 200 microns as part A; and
an aqueous acid phosphate solution as part B.
CAFC階段:
是否會在美國「產生實際爭議」成為國外案件是否會在美國爭訟的條件,最高法院曾經提出一些條件:「觸及法律利益」以及「具有真實與現實的爭議」。
"Our decisions have required that the dispute be definite and concrete, touching the legal relations
of parties having adverse legal interests; and that it be real and substantial and admit of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon a hypothetical state off acts . . . . Basically, the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment."
CAFC法官認為專利權人Stellar在美國並未對Allied提出任何法律訴訟,而且主要對象是Allied的兩個經銷商,而專利權人Stellar的「不回應」Allied協助其經銷商回應警告信的信息,也成為重要指標,以及,專利權人Stellar一直以來訴訟對象都是經銷商販售產品,限縮訴訟範圍在墨西哥,根據墨西哥法律,而非對美國製造商,這些種種原因,讓似乎對峙的雙方「其實沒有實際爭議」。
這裡提到一個案例「Innovative Therapies, Inc. v. Kinetic Concepts, Inc., 599 F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2010)」(updated on Oct. 16, 2017, CAFC網站與Google上資訊是2010年,非2013),似乎值得去探討。在Innovative Therapies, Inc. v. Kinetic Concepts, Inc.案例中,即便是美國本土公司的爭議,也可能因為失去訴訟主體,而不足以可以產生實際訴訟。
另有Allied提出的案例「Arkema Inc. v. Honeywell International, Inc., 706 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir.
2013)」,這自然是支持Allied論點的案例,不過,還是不同的地方是,此Arkema案例在德國有訴訟爭議,但同時也在美國有相同爭議的訴訟,兩者互相影響是有可能的。
再有一案例「Arris Group v. British Telecommunications PLC, 639 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2011)」,其中指出製造商可以提出「確認之訴」的理由有:(1)製造商在其客戶遭遇侵權訴訟時有義務賠償;(2)專利權人與製造商之間有爭議,使得其客戶的直接侵權造成製造商有共同侵權責任的情況。
"(1) the manufacturer is obligated to indemnify its customers in the event of an infringement
suit; or (2) there is a controversy between the patentee and the manufacturer as to the manufacturer’s liability for induced or contributory infringement based on acts of direct infringement by the customers."
CAFC法官認為本次爭議並不同於以上幾件前例,情況不相同:
第一,Allied沒有主張有義務賠償被告的兩個墨西哥經銷商;第二,雙方在美國沒有侵權訴訟;第三,本案雙方沒有以上案例Arris Group v. British Telecommunications PLC雙方的爭議;以及,第四,專利權人Stellar並未在美國主張他的專利權'974。
最後,CAFC同意地院撤銷訴訟的判決。看來,Stellar的種種"動作"與"不動作"是十分智慧而冷靜的。
my two cents:
雖可能是後話,但仍可說「不戰而屈人之兵」真是最高段的策略,手邊有專利,卻不動作,有明確對手,卻不直接攻擊,這十分冷靜。
大概只有美國有機會碰到這樣的案例,當美國成為國際仲裁者時,相關爭議可能會想要到美國「找到正義」,不過,是不是會在美國"產生實際爭議",成為是否成立的條件。
在本案中,專利權人Stellar十分聰明,應該是律師厲害,第一,在美國沒有啟動任何爭議;第二,在動作上因為沒有直接回應被告回應警告信的訊息;第三,訴訟一直僅在墨西哥,兩者之間沒有啟動「實際爭議」,成為法官撤銷美國訴訟的關鍵。
判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-2641.Opinion.9-11-2017.1.PDF
(備份:https://app.box.com/s/qyrxv5941no247lxlyeds8zx0thum97y)
資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2017/09/foreign-lawsuit-jurisdiction.html
Ron
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