2024年3月22日 星期五

解釋前言部分的轉接詞"consisting essentially of" - In re Herz (CCPA 1976)

本篇案例源自MPEP 2111.03中引用案例「In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549, 551-52, 190 USPQ 461, 463 (CCPA 1976)」定義對封閉式/半封閉式"consisting essentially of"轉接詞的解釋,可參考以下報導:

- Claim中"consisting essentially of"等轉接語的解釋與舉證責任 - 筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2024/03/claimconsisting-essentially-of.html

"引用案例「In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549, 551-52, 190 USPQ 461, 463 (CCPA 1976)」,其中系爭專利範圍使用"consisting essentially of" + 一些元件,此案解釋這樣的專利範圍並沒有排除先前技術中的成分"dispersant",法院查專利說明書認為專利範圍中的成分包括任何已知添加物,也包括先前技術所提出的"dispersant",法院表示沒有證據顯示發明中有"dispersant"會實質("materially")影響發明的基本與新穎特徵"

此案例系爭專利申請案:No. 180,925,涉及一種「抗氧化磷酸鹽液壓油Oxidation Inhibited Phosphate Based Hydraulic Fluids)」,案件為申請人針對BPAI(PTAB前身)意見提出上訴,上訴法院是United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA,CAFC前身)。

系爭申請案發明提出的"抗氧化磷酸鹽液壓油"可用於機構中使用的潤滑劑,主要由"磷酸鹽基礎油(phosphate base stock)"以及"抗氧化劑(antioxidant)"組成,而antioxidant包括(1) a hydrogen phosphate ester, or amine salt thereof, and (2) an alkylene-linked hindered bisphenol。

系爭申請案說明書記載所提出的"抗氧化磷酸鹽液壓油"可額外包括任何已知添加物,並列舉了幾種。說明書說明了發明的功效,與習知成分不同,發明提出的功能液具有更好的氧化穩定性,且這是習知技術不可預期的,因為其中成分"hydrogen phosphates"原本並不被認為是抗氧化劑。

列舉Claim 9如下:

9. A functional fluid consisting essentially of: (a) a phosphate base stock having the formula: O | | R-(Y)[a]-P-(Y[1])[c]-R[2] | (Y[2])[b] | R[1] wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and R[3] | -N- ; Y[1] is selected from the group consisting of oxygen sulfur and R[4] | -N- ; Y[2] is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and R[5] | -N- ; R, R[1], R[2], R[3], R[4], and R[5], are each selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and substituted alkyl; and a, b and c are numbers having a value of 0 to 1 such that the sum a + b + c is from 1 to 3; and (b) an antioxidant combination of from about 0.005 to about 3.0% by weight of the entire fluid of a hydrogen phosphate ester or amine salt thereof having the formula: wherein R[8] is a C1-C20 alkyl group; A is hydrogen, or an amine cation of the formula: wherein R', R'' and R''' are each hydrogen or a C[1]-C[3] [0] alkyl group; and A' is A or a C[1]-[2] [0] alkyl group; and from about 0.1 to about 11% by weight of the entire fluid of an alkylene-linked hindered bisphenol having at least one alkyl group of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms attached to the phenol ring in a position adjacent to the hydroxyl groups.

申請案經USPTO審查,被不符103, 112核駁,經提出訴願,BPAI確認USPTO意見,案件上訴到CCPA。

關於103議題,從USPTO、BPAI到CCPA都認同先前技術的組合已揭露系爭申請案發明中的成分的等效成分,在此顯而易見性的審查意見是基於先前技術"Orloff"以及"Messina",系爭申請案發明為顯而易見,不符35U.S.C.103規定。

這時,連結到本次要討論的112議題,解釋專利範圍時,給予最廣且合理的解釋,如以上列舉claim 9,前言到特徵部分的轉接詞"consisting essentially of",法院的意見是,即便採用了"consisting of"封閉式用語,但解釋"consisting essentially of"需要合適地判斷是否說明書合理地支持發明可以包括其他添加物,如先前技術Messina中的"dispersant copolymer"。

"it is necessary and proper to determine whether their specification reasonably supports a construction that would include additives such as the dispersant copolymer of Messina. Norton Co. v. Carborundum Co., 530 F.2d 435 (CA 1 1976); In re Janakirama-Rao, 317 F.2d 951, 50 CCPA 1312 (1963)."

(重要)在所引用的案例In re Janakirama-Rao中,法院已經判定"consisting essentially of"限制專利範圍到特定成分,以及並不實質影響所主張成分的基本與新穎特性的成分。這即MPEP 2111.03的定義。

""consisting essentially of" limits the scope of a claim to the specified ingredients and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel  characteristic(s) of a composition."

相關解釋又溯及1948年的案例 - Ex parte Davis, 80 USPQ 448 (Pat.Off.Bd. App. 1948),此案例Ex parte Davis頗有意思,因為涉及最基礎的"comprising"與"consisting of"的解釋,可參考:MPEP 2111.03轉接詞筆記(about claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/08/mpep-211103about-claims.html),此案例判決又引用1931年案例 - In re Gray, 53 F.2d 520, 19 CCPA 745 (1931)

歷史上第一次出現"consisting essentially of"用語的案例在1931年判例:https://casetext.com/case/in-re-gray-25

(重要)如此,解釋本案申請專利範圍,專利範圍描述了3個成分,而問題是,是否"consisting essentially of"排除了第4個成分,法院判定"consisting essentially of"確實排除了第4個成分,理由是,根據上述案例的解釋,"consisting essentially of"不排除的是非實質影響其新穎特性的額外成分

而本案申請人想要涵蓋的成分已經實質影響了原本3個成分的基本特性

特別的是,即便申請人在系爭申請案說明書已經描述發明還可包含其他已知添加物,包括"dispersant",但卻沒有證據顯示可包括引證前案Messina所揭露的"dispersant",且此成分會實質影響系爭案發明的新穎特徵。

(重要)也就是說,即便說明書記載發明(功能液)可以加入其他如"dispersant"的成分,但因為轉接詞"consisting essentially of"僅能再涵蓋不影響發明新穎特徵的其他成分,卻不能有這個dispersant

結論是,CCPA解釋"consisting essentially of"排除了第4個實質會影響系爭案發明的前案揭露的成分,這是112的議題。而在103議題中,因為前案(如Messina)已經記載了系爭案發明加入的額外添加物,並且兩者差異很小,並參考另一前案Orloff的揭露內容,整體與系爭案發明具有相似的抗氧化功能,系爭案發明為顯而易見。

"In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549, 551-52, 190 USPQ 461, 463 (CCPA 1976)"判決文:https://casetext.com/case/application-of-herz

Ron

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