2024年12月16日 星期一

超越習知技術的技術元件是抽象的,發明就是抽象的 - Broadband iTV, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc (Fed. Cir. 2024)

本篇討論最近上訴最高法院的案例 - Broadband iTV, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc (Fed. Cir. 2024),

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:BROADBAND ITV, INC.
被告/被上訴人:AMAZON.COM, INC., AMAZON.COM SERVICES LLC, AMAZON WEB SERVICES, INC.
系爭專利:US10,028,026 ('026); US9,648,388 ('388); US10,536,750 ('750); US10,536,751 ('751); US9,973,825 ('825)
判決日期:September 3, 2024

本案緣起BroadBand iTV於2020年以其擁有的系爭專利(多數為'026專利家族,有相同優先權基礎案)對被告Amazon等提出侵權告訴。Amazon等人向法院提起簡易判決請求,主張系爭專利不符35 U.S.C. § 101規定,地院同意簡易判決,判定系爭專利不具專利適格性。

系爭專利涉及電子節目表,如可以讓觀看者瀏覽電子節目表以觀看隨選視訊。

'026的claim 1如下,描述一種網際網路連接的數位裝置,即一種通過網路串流得到數位內容的隨選視訊系統中的裝置,其中設有電子節目表,其中特別的是為多階層的經過模板化的隨選視訊節目表,包括第一層、第二層與第三層,第一層為背景層,有一些顏色與標誌,第二層是在背景層上顯示其中之一模板的內容,第三層顯示影像內容,如圖片、按鈕、文字等。

1. An Internet-connected digital device for receiving, via the Internet, video content to be viewed by a subscriber of a video-on-demand system using a hierarchically arranged electronic program guide,
the Internet-connected digital device being configured to obtain and present to the subscriber an electronic program guide as a templatized video-on-demand display, which uses at least one of a plurality of different display templates to which the Internet-connected digital device has access, to enable a subscriber using the Internet-connected digital device to navigate in a drill-down manner through titles by category information in order to locate a particular one of the titles whose associated video content is desired for viewing on the Internet-connected digital device using the same category information as was designated by a video content provider in metadata associated with the video content;
wherein the ternplatized video-on-demand display has been generated in a plurality of layers, comprising:
(a) a first layer comprising a background screen to provide at least one of a basic color, logo, or graphical theme to display;
(b) a second layer comprising a particular display template from the plurality of different display templates layered on the background screen, wherein the particular display template comprises one or more reserved areas that are reserved for displaying content provided by a different layer of the plurality of layers; and
(c) a third layer comprising reserved area content generated using the received video content, the associated metadata, and the associated plurality of images to be displayed in the one or more reserved areas in the particular display template as at least one of text, an image, a navigation link, and a button,
wherein the navigating through titles in a drill-down manner comprises navigating from a first level of the hierarchical structure of the video-on-demand content menu to a second level of the hierarchical structure to locate the particular one of the titles, and
wherein a first template of the plurality of different display templates is used as the particular display template for the templatized display for displaying the first level of the hierarchical structure and wherein a second template of the plurality of different display templates is used as the particular display template for the templatized display for displaying the second level of the hierarchical structure,
wherein the received video content was uploaded to a Web-based content management system by a content provider device associated with the video content provider via the Internet in a digital video format, along with associated metadata including title information and category information, and along with an associated plurality of images designated by the video content provider, the associated metadata specifying a respective hierarchical location of a respective title of the video content within the electronic program guide to be displayed on the Internet-connected digital device using the respective hierarchically-arranged category information associated with the respective title,
wherein at least one of the uploaded associated plurality of images designated by the video content provider is displayed with the associated respective title in the templatized video-on-demand display.

地方法院判定系爭專利不具專利適格性的審理依照最高法院於Alice v. CLS bank判例意旨得出的TWO-STEP專利適格性檢視方法。

雖然從Alice判例以來產生很多相關案例,甚至USPTO也動態地根據法院意見調整審查基準,但是都不脫是基於所述TWO-STEP檢視原則,從abstract idea判斷、組織人類活動(經濟、商業活動)、實質超過抽象概念/法定不予專利事項,到是否有額外元件與具體應用等判斷。Alice判例早期報導內容如下:
-抽象概念若僅以一般目的電腦實現,不可專利 - Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International (2014)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/06/alice-corporation-pty-ltd-v-cls-bank.html
-美國專利局101可專利標的備忘錄 -針對Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank判決提出初步審查指示(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/06/101-alice-corp-v-cls-bank.html

在此仍不厭其煩地來了解TWO-STEP專利適格性檢視方法。

Alice step one:

法院認為系爭專利為接收多階層資訊以及組織顯示內容的抽象概念(abstract idea),特別地認為系爭專利屬於電腦化的商業流程,並且本質上是常規與習知的動作,並沒有任何轉換(transform)或是儲存(save)等技術特點。

Alice step two:

法院判定系爭專利範圍僅引述一般方法的一般與習知元件並僅提供習知的功能("generic and conventional components arranged n a conventional manner and provide only conventional functionalities")並沒有轉換其專利範圍為超過抽象概念本身。

CAFC階段:


同樣地,採用TWO-STEP檢視方法。

(在此僅討論'026案)

Alice Step One:

法院認為,系爭專利,如'026案,涉及接收階層資訊與組織顯示內容的「抽象概念」。針對原告主張系爭專利改善了電腦功能,如使用者介面,等議題,法院引用案例 - Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2016),如此,需要查閱整篇專利說明書以判斷系爭專利的專利特點是否有克服先前技術?這也是Enfish案的精隨。

再者,法院又依循判例,判斷系爭專利範圍是否可由人類意念執行或是使用筆墨可以運行?


如此,法院判定'026等案涉及接收metadata與基於metadata組織顯示內容的技術,從說明書一可知認為如claim 1描述以電腦的電子節目表為自動由metadata產生,接著判斷其中階層式的內容,使得觀看者從這樣的電子節目表查閱有興趣的內容。

據此,CAFC法官同意地院判決,以上可以區隔先前技術的技術特徵(如TLI判例,根據時間戳記分類與儲存數位影像技術不具專利適格性),如提供模板建立電子節目表等技術僅是提供一般環境的常規與習知動作,屬於抽象概念

參考資料:
-Enfish案對軟體可專利性有貢獻卻不能克服前案的阻礙 - Microsoft v. Enfish (Fed. Cir. 2016)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/12/enfish-microsoft-v-enfish-fed-cir-2016.html


Alice Step Two:

發明經step one判斷為抽象概念,在step two中則是判斷發明是否有任何特徵可以轉換抽象概念為可專利的標的?經查,認為系爭專利僅是使用通常與習知的元件,並採用一般方法,提供習知的功能

原告主張系爭專利的幾個特點轉換發明超越抽象概念,如自動從模板產生顯示內容、其中內容管理系統屬於一種伺服器,以及相關模板具有技術特點等,但一一被法院否決。

在step two的檢測中,判斷發明(申請專利範圍)是否包括可以轉換(transform)發明可實質超越不可專利概念的特定元件或是元件的組合

(重要)系爭專利面對的問題是,申請專利範圍中的技術元件屬於常規、習知與已知的特徵,其本身就屬於不具專利適格性的特點,更不能轉換不可專利的特徵為可專利的發明。


結論:系爭專利不具專利適格性。

my two cents:
一旦專利請求項中的元件(被判定)屬於常規、習知與已知的元件(routine, conventional, well-known),就不容易跳脫two-step檢測的步驟,怎麼轉換也都轉換不到具有專利適格性的發明上。

根據經驗,也處理過電子節目表的發明,如本次系爭專利涉及的技術,確實是不容易克服10核駁意見的技術,重點是,整體發明即便有其他非抽象特徵(如電腦、伺服器、自動產生節目單等),但是與先前技術比對後,能夠克服先前技術阻礙的技術如資訊處理、內容顯示等,都是屬於法院判定抽象概念的技術。

2024年12月13日 星期五

本篇涉及侵權審查的基本概念以及是否採用他國專利答辯歷史或主張的議題 - Caterpillar Tractor Corp. v. Berco, S.P.A. (Fed. Cir. 1983)

本篇討論多年前的經典案例,感謝同事提供參考資料,Caterpillar Tractor Corp. v. Berco, S.P.A., 714 F.2d 1110 (Fed. Cir. 1983),本篇標題就差不多是本案議題宗旨。

案件資訊:
原告/專利權人:Caterpillar Tractor Co. (Caterpillar)
被告:Berco, S.p.A. (Berco)
系爭專利:US3,841,718

案件背景:
Caterpillar對Berco等人提出侵權告訴,系爭專利'718涉及一種增強型密封環。被告承認其產品type 1侵權,但已經提出修改版的type 2,但是地方法院仍判定type 1與type 2都侵權成立,並發出禁制令。被告對type 2侵權成立判決提起上訴。


系爭專利claim 1如下,描述一種密封組件,內容有點複雜,在此不翻譯了。

1. A seal assembly comprising first and second axially spaced members mounted for relative rotation about a common axis, the first member having a counterbore formed in one face, the second member having an end face opposite the counterbore, a seal ring of tough abrasion resistant material having a crescent shape in cross-section disposed in the counterbore with the crescent shaped cross section defining an annular groove facing the sidewall of the counterbore, the seal ring including a driving flange engaged in non-rotative driving contact with the sidewall and an end wall of the counterbore at the juncture of these walls, a sealing flange engaged in annular face sealing rotative contact with the end face of the second member, the driving said sealing flanges being interconnected by a wall section of substantially thinner cross section than that of the flanges, the thin dimension imparting thereto a substantial lateral flexibility while retaining a torsional modulus characteristic of the tough abrasion resistant material, and a load ring of elastomeric material having substantial spring response characteristics, said load ring being disposed within the annular groove of the crescent shaped seal ring and engaging substantially the entire inner wall surface of the sealing flange and being axially compressed between the driving flange and the sealing flange, the interconnecting thin wall section having a resiliency and torsional modulus such that virtually all driving torque is transmitted from said driving flange to said seal flange therethrough, whereas virtually all of the seal flange face load is derived from compression of said load ring.

Claim 10描述一種在圓形空腔內的密封件:

10. A seal assembly in an annular cavity formed by first and second members which are subject to relative rotation, the first member forming the axially facing end wall and a radially facing sidewall of the cavity, the second member having an end face forming another axially facing end wall of the cavity opposite the one axially facing end wall, comprising a seal ring of tough abrasion-resistant material having a crescent shape in cross-section, the seal ring being disposed in the annular cavity with an annular groove of the crescent-shaped seal ring facing the sidewall of the cavity, the seal ring having a driving flange engaged in non-rotative driving contact with the sidewall and the one end wall of the cavity at the junction of these walls and a sealing flange engaged in face sealing rotative contact with the end face of the second member, the seal ring also having a thin-wall section connecting the flanges and providing a flexible hinge therebetween, and a load ring of resilient elastomeric material being disposed adjacent the sidewall of the first member and encompassed by the crescent-shaped cross-section of the seal ring and engaging substantially the entire inner wall surface of the sealing flange whereby the load ring is axially compressed between the driving flange and the sealing flange, axially acting forces for urging the sealing flange against the end wall of the second member and maintaining substantially constant sealing engagement therebetween are provided substantially by compression of the load ring.

在系爭專利專利審查過程中,先在1971年提出最早申請案 - 申請號116,157,審查委員對此申請案發出核駁理由,主要新穎性引證案為US3,390,922(這件後來也轉讓給Caterpillar),審查委員也提出112不明確的核駁意見,認為claim中用語"thin"不明確,因為沒有比較基礎、也沒有定義。

後來Caterpillar在1972年提出CIP申請案(申請號300,817),就補充"thin"的定義,後來1974年核准專利,即本次系爭專利 - US3,841,718。

案件進入CAFC:

經比對系爭專利範圍與被告Berco的產品,爭議在請求項中的幾段話,如claim 1中的「a wall section of substantially thinner cross section than that of the flanges . . . .」、claim 19的「the wall section being of thin cross-section relative to that of the ends. . . . .」,這兩段話是要界定"樞紐壁/hinge wall"有比其兩側凸緣(flange)更薄的截面。

被告侵權產品Berco的type 2產品的密封件的樞紐比密封凸緣(sealing flange)還薄,但是並沒有比驅動凸緣(driving flange)更薄。

因此在文義讀取的判斷上,Berco的type 2產品並沒有侵害系爭專利權(no literal infringement)。

於是原告Caterpillar就主張適用"均等論(doctrine of equivalents)",主張Berco的type 2產品以實質相同方法執行實際相同的功能以達成相同的結果("perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result")。

經法院審理,認為Berco的type 2產品的密封件與系爭專利範圍有實質相同的結構,並以實質相同的方法產生實質相同的結果因此侵權判定適用均等論。(編按,但是,其中卻沒有任何記錄顯示較薄的驅動凸緣(driving flange)影響產品的運作或是得出的結果,也就是說,文義沒有讀取的特徵並沒有涉及均等論的判斷。)

針對以上均等論適用的決定,被告Berco主張「歷史禁反言/doctrine of file history estoppel」反擊。

針對claims 1, 19:

特別地,經查系爭專利'718中的claims 1, 19中包括了CIP案新增的特徵,法院認為過去的各種答辯歷史並不能全部套用,但明顯地,Caterpillar並沒有定義所述樞紐(hinge)的截面比其凸緣的一個還薄,並且也沒有相關的刪除與修正,也就是說,Caterpillar並沒有通過修正或是答辯影響關於其樞紐截面比所述兩種凸緣更薄的解釋,並沒有對此產生禁反言,因此專利範圍的解釋適用均等論,侵權成立。(法院澄清,針對112的修正並非是為了要區隔先前技術,因此並沒有產生歷史禁反言)

針對claim 10:

系爭專利claim 10中有句話:"a thinwall section connecting the flanges and providing a flexible hinge therebetween . . . .",法院判決claim 10直接讀入Berco的type 2產品,侵權成立。

針對以上claim 10侵權成立的判決,Berco等人主張"thin"沒有更薄的意思,不同於"thinner than the flanges"的解釋,但是法院否決,認為系爭專利'718說明書記載了何謂"thin",並描述相關實施例,因此法院不覺得"thin"不是沒有意義,因此仍判定侵權成立

(以上判決與論述都是侵權案例的經典,但仍有以下重點)

【本篇重點】
針對以上"打擊",敗訴的Berco等人就尋求原告Caterpillar的外國案、外國委任律師等針對其他對應外國專利的意見,如德國、英國,也就是希望利用本系爭專利在他國進行審查答辯時為了要區隔先前技術的主張來影響目前訴訟中的專利範圍解釋,然而,法院並不採用

其中一段話:
"Though no authority is cited for the proposition that instructions to foreign counsel and a representation to foreign patent offices should be considered, and the varying legal and procedural requirements for obtaining patent protection in foreign countries might render consideration of certain types of representations inappropriate, there is ample such authority in decisions of other courts and when such matters comprise relevant evidence they must be considered."

儘管沒有任何權威指出應考慮給當事人的外國(美國以外)律師或外國專利局的代表的指示(instruction),基於不同法律與程序要求取得的外國專利成為某種形式的考慮基礎並不恰當。不過,法院也沒有全然否決然而,在其他法院決定的權威下,若證據有相關性,仍應被考慮。(翻譯得不好,請見諒)

本案侵權成立(claims 1, 19均等論適用、claim 10文義侵害成立)。

my two cents:
以上侵權案例經典地涉及審查歷史、文義讀取、均等論,以及禁反言等議題。

本案例算是蠻久以前的案子,但是其中CIP產生的影響卻是頗為深刻,因為系爭專利為CIP案,很多針對其母案的審查歷史或是答辯的主張/限縮都可能不適用後續的CIP案(獨立請求項都有cip新增特徵),這倒是看到了CIP案的好處(雖然後來主流都不建議CIP申請案)。



Ron

2024年12月12日 星期四

AFCP2.0計畫將於12.14.2024最後受理日後終止

資料:https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/10/01/2024-22481/extension-and-termination-of-the-after-final-consideration-pilot-program-20

The goal of the AFCP 2.0 was to improve pendency by reducing the number of Requests for Continued Examination (RCE) and encourage increased collaboration between the applicant and the examiner to effectively advance prosecution of the application.... 

這個計畫施行後我用過幾次,有被駁回/不受理,但也有好的結果的案子,因為是在final office action的眾多後續方案中比較友善的方案,整體上感覺不錯,只是因為迴響太好USPTO的負擔太大,要終止了!!!

SUMMARY:

On April 3, 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), when setting and adjusting patent fees for fiscal year 2025, proposed a new fee to recuperate costs affiliated with the submission of a request for consideration under the After Final Consideration Pilot Program 2.0 (AFCP 2.0). Commenters on the proposal expressed concerns about the AFCP 2.0 and the proposed fee. In view of these comments, the USPTO has decided to allow AFCP 2.0 to expire. While the program currently runs through September 30, 2024, to accommodate those who may be in the process of preparing to use the program, the USPTO will provide a short extension of the expiration of the program. The USPTO is setting December 14, 2024, as the last day to submit a request for participation under the program.


Ron

2024年12月3日 星期二

關於數位證據的證據能力 - 筆記

本篇筆記案例 - 「最高法院刑事判決111年度台上字第1021號」。

(即便此案為最高法院刑事判決,其中揭示的驗真程序及相關證明方法仍適用民事訴訟之舉證程序

案件資訊:
裁判字號:最高法院111年度台上字第1021號刑事判決
裁判日期:民國111年04月07日
裁判案由:偽造文書

本案上訴人XXX如"原判決"(110年度上訴字第363號)事實欄所載之共同行使偽造準私文書詐欺取財各犯行明確,因而撤銷第一審關於上訴人之科刑判決,改判仍依想像競合犯之規定,從一重論處上訴人行使偽造準私文書罪刑,並為相關沒收、沒收追徵之諭知。已詳述其認定犯罪事實所憑之證據及理由。

所述證據包括「數位證據」,法院定義:「數位證據」係指儲存於電磁紀錄載體,或是以數位方式傳送 ,於審判中得用以證明待證事實之數位資訊。其中即包括「網頁證據」。

關於數位證據重製的證據能力
如果以各種科技方法「準確重製」數位證據,乃原始證據內容重現之複製品自與原始證據具有相同之證據能力

驗真程序
如果複製品沒有爭議,證據能力與原始證據一樣,但如果有爭議呢?需要確認複製品與原儲存於載體之數位資訊內容同一,未經變造、偽造,即涉及驗真程序

證據唯有通過驗真,始具有作為審判中證據之資格。

驗真之調查方式:
非僅勘驗或鑑定一途,亦得以其他直接證據或情況(間接)證據資為認定。

(1) 得以對於系爭證據資料有親身經驗,或相關知識之人作證;或
(2) 通過驗真之其他證據為驗真(例如藉由經過驗真之電子郵件,證明其他電子郵件亦為被告撰寫或寄出);
(3) 於電磁紀錄內容有其獨特之特徵、內容、結構或外觀時,佐以其他證據亦可通過驗真(例如電子郵件之作者熟知被告生活上之各種細節,或所述之內容與被告在其他場合陳述之內容相同等,亦可用以證明該郵件係被告撰寫之依據)等方式查明。

驗真的程度:
只需使法院產生大致相信該複製品與原儲存於載體之數位資訊具同一性之心證即為已足。

本案例設即的數位證據包括相關人的證詞、微信對話紀錄暨行動電話勘察報告。法院判定,可認該微信對話紀錄、偽造回單圖檔乃複製自原始數位檔案二者具有同一性自具有為證據之資格

其中關於微信對話紀錄的證據,雖有偽造或變造之虞,即便有瑕疵,但微信對話紀錄、偽造回單圖檔仍判定具有證據能力

(本篇僅筆記法院對於數位證據的證據能力的看法,其餘判決相關內容在此忽略)

Level of Lexicography or Disavowal - Thorner v. Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC (Fed. Cir. 2012)

從patentlyo(https://patentlyo.com/patent/2024/11/thorner-bright-construction.html)知道案例「Thorner v. Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC, 669 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2012)」的重要性(過去十多年關於專利範圍解釋被引用次數最多的案例) ,由於法官在判決中仔細討論如何解釋專利範圍,涉及詞彙編撰者與拋棄範圍等定義,因此不意外成為引用最多的案例,在此補資料,並提出疑問。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:CRAIG THORNER AND,
VIRTUAL REALITY FEEDBACK CORPORATION
被告/被上訴人:
SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT AMERICA LLC, SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT INC., SONY ELECTRONICS INC., AND RILEY RUSSELL
系爭專利:US6,422,941
判決日期:February 1, 2012

本案緣起原告Craig Thorner對Sony Computer提起侵權告訴,系爭專利涉及用在電視遊樂器的觸感回饋系統,在地院判決中,經解釋專利範圍後,判定侵權不成立,其中爭議的用語是「attached to said pad」以及「flexible」,而CAFC有不同的意見。

系爭專利主要發明是下圖遊戲系統中的觸覺回饋控制器100,支援各種觸覺感測裝置,獨立請求項Claim 1如下,其中界定一個視訊遊樂系統,包括感測使用者的"tactile/觸覺"活動的裝置,裝置包括柔性墊(flexible pad)、制動器與控制電路,控制電路根據遊戲系統產生的訊號(觸覺活動)產生控制訊號,以啟動制動器。

1. In a computer or video game system, apparatus for providing, in response to signals generated by said computer or video game system, a tactile sensation to a user of said computer or video game system, said apparatus comprising:
a flexible pad;
a plurality of actuators, attached to said pad, for selectively generating tactile sensation; and
a control circuit, coupled to said plurality of actuators, where said control circuit is responsive to signals that are generated by said computer or video game system, for generating a control signal to control activation of said plurality of actuators, where said signals correspond to action portrayed on said computer or video game system.

地方法院解釋專利範圍:

爭議:制動器/actuator是在"pad"內部還是外表面?

(1)認為"flexible/柔性"不表示可以被彎曲,也就是認為可以被彎曲不代表是"flexible/柔性的"。
(2)本案原告/上訴人解釋"attached to said pad/附著在墊上"表示制動器(actuator)可以附著在物件內部,但被告Sony主張應該解釋為固定在物件外表面,而不表示在墊內。地院參考專利說明書,認為"attached to said pad/附著在墊上"是附著在物件外部的意思,也就是解釋制動器附著在物件外表面。

地院的解釋主要是依據本案說明書與申請專利範圍,分別使用attached與embedded兩個用語,意圖上是以不同實施例描述actuator不同的設置方式,並且也以不同專利範圍分別定義兩種結合方式:

"a vibratory actuator embedded within said gear shift knob"
"plurality of actuators, attached to said pad, for selectively generating tactile sensation
"

因為claim 1解釋為將制動器附著在pad外表面,使得判定侵權不成立,原告上訴CAFC。

案件進入CAFC,解釋專利範圍的原則主要仍是依據判例「Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc)」的指導原則,可參考:合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html

解釋申請專利範圍中的文字是由相關領域一般技術人員以其一般與慣用的意思解釋其文字,但仍要參照說明書上下文與審查歷史來解釋。

"The words of a claim are generally given their ordinary and customary meaning as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art when read in the context of the specification and prosecution history."

例外地,專利權人/發明人可自為詞彙編撰者(lexicographer),或是專利權人在說明書或是審查歷史中放棄的範圍,因此解釋專利範圍,除了一般用語意思外,還要參考說明書(可能改變了定義)、審查歷史(可能拋棄了部分解釋空間)等內部證據解釋其用語。

判決文很用心地解釋lexicographer與disavowal的條件:

若要成立lexicographer,專利權人需要在其專利說明書明白地定義了爭議的用語,而不採用其一般意思,並且強調是很清楚地表達其改變其一般用語的意圖,而不會僅因為其中一個實施例的用法就改變其意思。

若要形成disavow,專利權人也應該說明書/審查歷程中清楚表示發明並不包括特定特徵,如此,即便專利範圍用語可以解釋很廣,但因為專利權人明確地放棄了部分解釋,專利範圍也不及於其一般意思。

而且,專利權人的意圖不夠強還不足以改變專利範圍中用語的一般解釋。並且法院不應自己去限縮解釋,而是在專利權人。

重要

「內部連接v.外部連接」:

回到本案,原告/專利權人認為"attached"用語的一般意思是可以附著在物件的內或外表面,而另一專利範圍claim 10使用了"embedded/內嵌",但也不表示相對claim 1的"attached"僅能附著在外表面。

相對於原告,被告則是認為專利權人以兩項專利範圍分別使用"attached to"與"embedded within",其意圖就是要表達不同的連接方式。

根據法院理解,即便系爭專利說明書並沒有將"attached to"用在內部連接的實施例,但是基於以上描述的解釋原則,法院認為仍沒有達到作為lexicographer或是disavowal的標準

法院認為本案系爭專利範圍中"attached"的解釋並沒有上述例外(lexicography, disavowal),通過相關領域一般技術人員以其一般與慣用的意思來解釋,即判定"attached to"可以涵蓋內與外的連接方式。

法院對於說明書的理解十分"哲學",可以參考以下片段:

法院先認為"attached"的一般意思涵蓋外部或內部連結,參考系爭專利說明書中關於"attachment/附著"外表面的實施例,仍不足以形成lexicography或disavowal,事實上,專利說明書解釋"actuator"附著在外表面,如果申請人/專利權人要重定義(過去完成式)"attached"為附著在外表面,就不需要在說明書中具體指定("specify")attachment是附著在外表面,如此認為說明書並沒有重定義"attached"也沒有拋棄任何範圍。

法院解釋,在pre-Phillips的案例中,如果如本案在說明書中分別使用attached與embedded,應該就是隱含重新定義這些用語,("It is true that in certain pre-Phillips cases, we held that use of two terms as alternatives could amount to an implicit redefinition of the terms.")。

「可彎v.柔性」:

針對本案另一用語"flexible pad"的解釋,說明書實施例描述的柔性材料如"坐墊/seat cushion",制動器就嵌在這個座墊內部,法院依據這個描述,claim 1中將"flexible pad"與"attached to"放在同一項專利範圍,認為支持以上將"attached to"涵蓋外部與內部連接的解釋

對於"flexible"的解釋,上訴人/專利權人主張"flexible"簡單指的是"capable of being flexed"(可彎曲),但地方法院認為應解釋為"capable of being noticeably flexed with ease"(要明顯能彎曲)。被告/被上訴人認為僅是可彎(bendable)並非是"flexible"。

CAFC法官認為本案系爭專利說明書並沒有限制"flexible pad"要是明顯能彎曲的狀態,說明書僅提到是一種"semi-rigid structure"(半剛性結構),而甚麼是"半剛性"?地方法院並沒有明確有此分析,並沒有分析被告產品是否符合"flexible"的一般意思的解釋,所以也不認為地院是否有不當之處。

結論:

法院認為"attached to"一般意思涵蓋內部連接與外部連結,但是被告侵權者認為"attached to"指的是外部連接(連接外表面),因為說明書實施例有這樣的描述,但法院認為這樣仍不足以判定專利權人重定義了"attached to"

基於以上專利範圍解釋,發回地院重審侵權議題。

my two cents:

我個人覺得法院解釋有些超出我們的理解。至少系爭專利說明書有明說:"In this case, tactile sensation actuators can be attached to or embedded within both the left handle of the control yolk 535, and the right handle of the control yolk 545.",並配合其他段落的描述,attached to與embedded within應有明確的差異。

(請恕本人駑鈍)不太理解的是,法院認為如果專利權人要重定義attached,就不需要在說明書具體指明attached是附著在外表面?

列舉本案系爭專利關於附著在外表面的描述:

" a vibratory actuator can be attached to outer side of the throttle handle with hook and loop fasteners or two sided adhesive foam tape"

"If these motors are attached to the outer surface of the throttle handle, they must be small enough to not substantially disrupt the ergonomics of the throttle handle."

" If these motors are attached to the outer surface of the joystick handle, they must be small enough to not substantially disrupt the ergonomics of the joystick handle."

". In this case, tactile sensation actuators can be attached to or embedded within both the left handle of the control yolk 535, and the right handle of the control yolk 545."

"FIG. 31C depicts a throttle tactile sensation generator 530 attached to the outer side of the throttle handle with the attachment means of FIG. 30B, such that when the throttle is moved through its range of motion, the tactile sensation generator 530 does not interfere with the motion of the throttle or the ergonomics of the throttle handle."


CAFC判決文:https://cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/11-1114.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/bljc0rodib54fxqflu6nsxuhsfc1kry5

Ron

2024年11月29日 星期五

有目的的解釋/purposive construction - 加拿大專利範圍解釋原則 - Whirlpool Corp. v Camco Inc., 2000 SCC 67 (supreme court 2000)

收到加拿大專利審查意見,其中引用前例認為發明不可專利,其中一例可參考:加拿大專利性「purposive construction」議題的案例 - Free World Trust v Électro Santé Inc., 2000 SCC 66https://enpan.blogspot.com/2024/04/purposive-construction-free-world-trust.html),本次討論另一案例:Whirlpool Corp. v Camco Inc., 2000 SCC 67



最高法院"Whirlpool Corp. v. Camco Inc."案件資訊:
判決日期:2000-12-15
上訴人:Camco Inc. and General Electric Company
被上訴人/專利權人:Whirlpool Corporation and Inglis Limited
系爭專利:CA1,095,734、CA1,049,803

(本篇僅討論上訴議題,不涉入技術細節討論)

上訴議題:
(1)是否"purposive construction/有目的的解釋"對於專利有效性與侵權判斷是解釋專利範圍合適的方案?
(2)系爭專利是否因為重複專利(double patenting)而無效?

針對上訴議題(1):
本判決文說明,專利訴訟的第一步驟就是解釋專利範圍,現行針對專利有效性與侵權審理採用"purposive construction"方法解釋專利範圍,其中以相關領域技術人員的協助,由法院指出申請專利範圍描述的發明中的重要元件(essential elements),有目的的解釋即可以"有見識地/knowledgeably"解釋申請專利範圍文字,還參照說明書整體上下文,可增進以合理與公平地對專利權人與公眾解釋申請專利範圍。

"The first step in a patent suit is to construe the claims.  The “purposive construction” approach is adopted for both validity and infringement issues.  This requires the identification by the court, with the assistance of the skilled reader, of the particular descriptive words or phrases in the claims that describe the “essential” elements of the invention.  Purposive construction properly directs itself to the words of the claims interpreted knowledgeably and in the context of the specification as a whole; it advances the objective of an interpretation of the patent claims that is reasonable and fair to both patentee and public."

另外,法院在審理案件時,還會參考專家證詞,就本次爭議而言,否決上訴人以字典解釋專利範圍中用語。

在議題(2)中,關於是否兩件系爭專利彼此有重複專利而"無效"?
法院澄清比對兩件專利是否重複是比對申請專利範圍,而不是比說明書內容,在重複專利的判斷中,第一判斷兩者是否一樣?重複專利就是兩件專利的權利範圍是一樣的,因此,就本次訴訟而言,兩件系爭專利並非相同,也非前後延伸的專利("identical or conterminous")。

第二,就是一種顯而易見性的重複專利(obviousness double patenting)問題,就是判斷是否兩件專利為"可專利地區隔/patentably distinct"?

本案經法院審理,判決兩件系爭專利並非相同發明,因為兩件在"vane"元件上的解釋是不同的,前申請案'803並未能顯而易見地得出後申請案'734專利範圍,因此專利有效。

"With respect to the validity of the '734 patent, Stone J.A. rejected the attack based on double patenting.  He held that double patenting requires that the claims of the later patent be conterminous with the claims in the earlier patent, or that the latter is an obvious and uninventive extension of the former.  Neither was the case here.  He also rejected the attacks based on covetousness and affirmed the validity of the '734 patent."

本案上訴駁回。


Ron

禁止多重附屬項依附多重附屬項的日本專利筆記

筆記

真是寫完就忘了,過去曾有網友在「引用記載形式獨立項筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/09/blog-post.html)」文中回應日本專利局已經禁止多附多的專利範圍寫法,當時還回覆說會去找資料,其實之前早早在2022年就已經有相關分享,但仍感謝網友回應。

過去的報導:
-日本自April 1, 2022後不再接受多項依附多項附屬項(補充資料)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2023/09/april-1-2022.html
-JPO修法禁止「multi-multi claim」,包括各國筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2022/04/jpomulti-multi-claim.html

既然是新PO文,還是要來點東西,但也是舊東西,本篇參考日本專利局關於「Restriction of Multi-Multi Claims」內容(https://www.jpo.go.jp/e/system/patent/shinsa/multimulticlaims.html)。

日本專利局禁止多附多寫法後的一些狀態:

在日本專利局禁止多附多的寫法之前(April 1, 2022禁止實施),有65%專利申請案包括有多附多的申請專利範圍,而禁止日之後,直接掉到5%,再過一年再掉到3%。

面對多附多申請案,日本專利局建議:在提出實審請求之前提出主動修正,這可以避免日本專利局針對多附多請求向發出的通知,如果沒有解決多附多問題,可能就會駁回專利申請案;在日後審查答辯過程,要時時檢查是否有多附多請求項的存在。

如果接獲日本專利申請案稿件,看不懂日文沒關係,除了運用工具翻譯外,JPO提供檢查是否有多附多請求項的工具:


Ron

2024年11月27日 星期三

因果關係不同因此侵權不成立 - DoggyPhone LLC v. Tomofun LLC (CAFC 2024)

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:DOGGYPHONE LLC
被告/被上訴人:TOMOFUN LLC
系爭專利:US9,723,813
判決日期:November 21, 2024

本案緣起原告DoggyPhone向被告Tomofun提出侵權告訴,地方法院作出侵權不成立的簡易判決,原告提起上訴。

系爭專利'813為一種提供狗狗與主人的網路通訊系統,Claim 1如下,界定一個提供寵物的通訊系統,包括零食箱(treat bin)、食物分配器(food dispenser)、音訊裝置、傳遞模組,系統可以提供寵物操作而與主人APP的影音通訊,還可取得食物。
7. A system for communicating with a pet, comprising:
a treat bin;
a food dispenser that dispenses treats from the treat bin;
an audio device;
a delivery module that:
receives a treat delivery command; and
in response to the received treat delivery command:
dispenses via the food dispenser at least one treat from the treat bin;
plays via the audio device an audio signal that notifies the pet of availability of a treat; and
receives input from the pet; and
a control that transmits to the delivery module a treat delivery command,
wherein the system:
in response to a first communication command received from a user, transmits to the delivery module the treat delivery command;
plays at least one of live audio or video received from the user of a remote client device; and
transmits to the remote client device at least one of live audio or video of the pet, wherein the system begins transmission to the remote client device of at least one of the audio or video of the pet in response to input from the pet. (根據寵物的輸入系統開始傳送影音到遠端裝置!

在地院侵權分析使用兩步驟:(1)判斷專利範圍與意義;(2)適當地比對專利範圍與被告侵權物。


被告Tomofun的被告產品「Tomofun | Furbo 狗狗攝影機」(有兩個運作模式:standard mode、Dog Nanny mode),可參考網址https://www.yourator.co/companies/Furbohttps://www.bnext.com.tw/article/63884/tomofun-cto-charles

地院經調查得出被告侵權產品的技術:Furbo沒有根據寵物輸入開始遠端影音通訊。其中,地院認為Furbo在standard mode並沒有侵害系爭專利權利,因為Furbo並沒有在寵物發出訊息就開始影音視訊,而是要等到使用者(主人)按下通知才開始;在Dog Nanny mode,Furbo將鶯音內容傳送到雲端,接著再傳到使用者裝置。

如果查上述Claim 7傳送影音的動作,是基於寵物的輸入就開始傳送影音內容。經很嚴厲的比對,被告Furbo需要使用者同意傳送才會傳送影音,並且是通過雲端傳送影音。

基於以上對被告侵權產品的技術,地院判決侵權不成立

針對以上判決,原告當然不會同意,因為系爭專利範圍合理地可理解是因為寵物驅動了傳送影音的程序,其中是沒有交代傳送影音的過程,而非被告產品有更多細節而沒有被系爭專利讀入。

至少原告認為根據寵物的輸入啟動影音傳輸的限制,是導致影音傳輸的"因果鏈/causal chain"("pet’s activity sets off a causal chain that results in transmission of live audio or video"),與我對上述比對的理解相似,甚至連被告DoggyPhone解釋專利範圍也同意系爭專利範圍的最後一個步驟並沒有一定要直接的因果關係("causal connection")。

案件上訴CAFC,CAFC法官同意地方法院判決,包括理解被告侵權產品是由寵物輸入後傳送通知(Notification)到使用者裝置,並且是需要使用者同意才開始影音通訊,也就是說,法院都認為:系爭專利是由寵物啟始影音通訊,但Furbo是使用者同意才開始影音通訊。其中因果關係不同。

我覺得,法院選擇有論辯意義的部分進行侵權討論,事實上系爭專利範圍還有涉及遞送食物的相關結構特徵,這些在本案並沒有談到太多,因為也不會影響侵權不成立的判決。

因此判決侵權不成立。

my two cents:
其實從整個系爭專利Claim 7範圍來看,加上餵食食物的特徵,我覺得Furbo侵權成立的機率不高,但是法院僅針對我認為算有爭辯空間的"transmits to the remote client device at least one of live audio or video of the pet, wherein the system begins transmission to the remote client device of at least one of the audio or video of the pet in response to input from the pet"的動作作為主要論辯基礎。

或許Claim的文字表面意義(plain and ordinary meaning)確實是根據寵物的輸入開始影音通訊,並且系爭專利確實著重的是寵物自己可以啟動視訊的技術,但是似乎也沒有排除人為介入,其中仍應有相應的細節,例如系爭專利說明書也有提到(ICCS就是專利的系統):

"The personal computer 501 includes logic 501 that is configured to communicate with the mobile device 300, the webcam 400, and the ICCS 100″. In particular, the logic 501 is configured to receive inputs from the mobile device 300 and to forward them (or signals based thereon) to the ICCS 100″. The logic 501 is also configured to receive video/audio data from the webcam 400 and forward it to the mobile device 300." 似乎是也具有間接因果關係,而不是直接根據寵物動作就開始視訊。

我認為,法院有點"嚴格地"限縮了專利範圍的解釋,但也提出厲害的見解:the claim language requires that the pet's activity begins transmission, not that the pet's activity simply causes transmission.。雖說解釋專利範圍原則是"plain and ordinary meaning",但寬容度卻是不夠大。




Ron

2024年11月20日 星期三

Trademark Usage of Linux - 商標使用

繼前篇報導有關申請專利範圍中使用商標名稱的原則(「盡量不使用,要使用就要避免不明確,且商標用語應指物品本身,而非用來識別商品」)-刪除請求項中商標名稱意外產生是否有禁反言的相關議題 - Eli Lilly & Co. v. Apotex, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2020)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2024/11/eli-lilly-co-v-apotex-inc-fed-cir-2020.html)。

摘錄我國專利審查基準中有關商標的片段,雖不是直指申請專利範圍的使用,但是也是提醒使用商標名稱應符合據以實施要件,若用在申請專利範圍,原則上應讓發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者能了解其範圍。


本篇參考https://www.linuxfoundation.org/legal/trademark-usage(Trademark Usage of Linux),"Linux"註冊商標是Linux創作人所有的,而Linus Torvalds聲明Linux是自由且免費的(參考:https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/Linux)。




重點:
"Trademarks are used to provide assurance to the community of consistency with respect to the quality of products or services with which the mark is associated.

"1) the need of The Linux Foundation to ensure that its trademarks remain reliable indicators of the qualities that they have been created to preserve and 2) the need of The Linux Foundation to ensure that community members are able to discuss the projects with which The Linux Foundation is associated and to accurately describe the relationship between The Linux Foundation and the products and services offered by others."

看來,Linux就是一個識別標章,用以連結Linux商品與服務。

"There are also some basic rights that everyone has to use any trademark, which are often referred to as “fair use,” and The Linux Foundation does not intend to restrict those rights.  You may make fair use of word marks to make true factual statements. "

Linux Foundation不會限制合理使用其商標。

"The Linux Foundation’s Trademark List at https://www.linuxfoundation.org/legal/trademarks should include the ® symbol immediately after the first usage (e.g., “The Linux Foundation® projects develop open source….”)."

文章第一次使用商標應加入®

"Do not use logos or names of The Linux Foundation in any commercial or marketing context other than as expressly permitted in this policy unless you have obtained explicit written permission from The Linux Foundation to do so."

商業使用仍須通過Linux Foundation允許使用。

列舉一些claim中使用Linux(TM)或Linux(R)的US專利案,其中有redhat公司的:

Dell公司同時使用Unix/Windows:

Intell公司:

Oracle公司:

Ron

2024年11月19日 星期二

刪除請求項中商標名稱意外產生是否有禁反言的相關議題 - Eli Lilly & Co. v. Apotex, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2020)

本篇案例分享主要是基於以下MPEP段落,事實上本部落格過去已有報導,但主要是針對其中侵權與均等論的議題-修正但表示沒有放棄等效範圍讓均等論適用的案例 - Eli Lilly and Co v. Apotex, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2020)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/12/eli-lilly-and-co-v-apotex-inc-fed-cir.html)。

而本次討論是「申請專利範圍中使用商標名稱產生不明確」的議題。並且很神奇的是,在專利範圍中寫入商標名稱被駁回,意外產生是否有禁反言問題的議題。

案件資訊:
原告/被上訴人/專利權人:ELI LILLY AND COMPANY 
被告/上訴人:APOTEX, INC 
系爭專利:US7,772,209 
判決文:December 21, 2020

'209在其審查過程中修正專利範圍,已經將具有商標名稱「ALIMTA」的請求項刪除,但回溯其申請時的Claims,如下截圖中的claim 9,其中有商標名稱"ALIMTA"。相同的專利範圍也出現在'209的優先權母案之一 - 10/297,821的申請時申請專利範圍中,2004年9月審查意見即對此提出核駁意見,如下,後來在回覆審查意見時刪除了具有商標名稱的專利範圍。



以上涉及專利範圍中使用商標名稱的規定在MPEP § 2173.05(u),如下,規定中指出,如果專利範圍中商標名稱是用來辨識或是描述特定材料或物品而不是「物品本身」,該項專利範圍就不明確

2173.05(u) Trademarks or Trade Names in a Claim 

The presence of a trademark or trade name in a claim is not, per se, improper under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, but the claim should be carefully analyzed to determine how the mark or name is used in the claim. It is important to recognize that a trademark or trade name is used to identify a source of goods, and is not the name of the goods themselves. Thus a trademark or trade name does not define or describe the goods associated with the trademark or trade name. See definitions of trademark and trade name in MPEP § 608.01(v).

If the trademark or trade name is used in a claim as a limitation to identify or describe a particular material or product, the claim does not comply with the requirements of the 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph. Ex parteSimpson, 218 USPQ 1020 (Bd. App. 1982). See also Eli Lilly & Co. v. Apotex, Inc., 837 Fed. Appx. 780, 784-85, 2020 USPQ2d 11531 (Fed. Cir. 2020) ("Following Patent Office procedure, the Examiner in this case rejected the claims of the '821 application as indefinite because they improperly used the trade name 'ALIMTA.' In response to the rejection, Lilly canceled its claims reciting the trade name and pursued claims using the generic name for the same substance, which mooted the rejection. Additionally, as the district court observed, the Examiner 'explicitly noted that pemetrexed disodium was 'also known by the trade name ALIMTA' ' in the contemporaneous obviousness rejection."). The claim scope is uncertain since the trademark or trade name cannot be used properly to describe any particular material or product. In fact, the value of a trademark would be lost to the extent that it became the generic name of a product, rather than used as an identification of a source or origin of a product. Thus, the use of a trademark or trade name in a claim to describe a material or product would not only render a claim indefinite, but would also constitute an improper use of the trademark or trade name. If the applicant responds to such a rejection by replacing the trademark or trade name with a generic term, the examiner should determine whether there is sufficient support in the application for use of a generic term. See MPEP § 2163, subsection II.A.3(b).

If a trademark or trade name appears in a claim and is not intended as a limitation in the claim, the question of why it is in the claim should be addressed. If its presence in the claim causes confusion as to the scope of the claim, then the claim should be rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.


既然系爭專利具有商品名稱「ALIMTA」在專利審查就被駁回與刪除,在此訴訟中探討的是專利權人Eli Lilly是否將其商標"ALIMTA"等同「pemetrexed disodium/培美曲塞二鈉」?以至於在地方法院解釋專利範圍時,就將兩者當作同義詞,這也影響了侵權主張的範圍。



禁反言v.均等論:專利權人刪除專利範圍是因為專利範圍寫入商標名稱的不明確問題,而沒有建立禁反言。

在法院的判決中,從審查歷史確認當時使用"ALIMTA"是被駁回,其中的理由就是在專利範圍中使用商標名稱識別特定材料或物品,該項範圍不明確,就不符合112(b)規定。如此,依照MPEP,指導審查委員,當在專利範圍中使用商標名稱去識別或描述材料或物品並不僅是讓專利範圍不明確,更不適合寫在專利範圍中。

這個解釋專利範圍的爭議帶到侵權訴訟中,侵權被告Apotex主張,審查委員的結論是"ALIMTA"並不明確,理由是這個用語至少涵蓋兩個意思:“pemetrexed” and “pemetrexed disodium,但專利權人在答辯修正中已經限縮其解釋為“pemetrexed disodium

但法院否決Apotex主張,因為專利範圍在修正時,並非因為"ALIMTA"涵蓋兩種以上的解釋產生不明確問題才駁回該項範圍,而是因為商標名稱寫在claim中產生不明確的問題。

因此,CAFC判決,系爭專利權人Lilly在審查程序中的修正並未產生禁反言,也就是沒有失去其均等論的解釋空間,讓CAFC同意地院判決侵權成立的決定。

編按,本篇僅帶到部分重點,內容可以參考過去報導,或是判決原文


Ron