2021年9月1日 星期三

內部證據決定請求項前言是否成為限制 - Data Engine Techs v. Google (Fed. Cir. 2021)

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:DATA ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES LLC
被告/被上訴人:GOOGLE LLC
系爭專利:US5,590,259;  US5,784,545;  US6,282,551 (前次還有US5,303,146)
判決日:August 26, 2021

本次討論案例為第二次上訴案,案件緣起Data Engine公司向Google提起侵權訴訟,前次上訴CAFC為2018年,當時判決(http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/17-1135.Opinion.10-9-2018.pdf)是系爭專利'551案Claim 1為非可專利標的(違反35U.S.C.101),系爭專利'146為抽象概念,沒有進步特徵,因此也非可專利標的。

發回地院重審後,地院作出侵權不成立的簡易判決,爭點在於系爭專利請求項前言中提到的「three-dimensional spreadsheet」,而此前言中的特徵仍為限制專利範圍的元素,判決侵權不成立。原告第二次上訴CAFC。

本案系爭專利為同一專利家族,都可溯及US5416895母案,本次如US5,590,259,揭示一種以使用使用者熟悉物件的一種改良電子試算表(spreadsheet)介面的系統與方法,系統包括筆記本介面,有各種試算表元素與圖表形式,可在不同頁面上快速處理資訊,特別是提出一種分頁(tab)的特徵。

判決中引用的圖例:

相較於系爭專利的先前技術多張試算表是以分開的不同視窗表示的方式,本次系爭專利提出的試算表中可由使用者設定的"tabs",這些分頁是在同一個試算表介面上,稱為立體試算表。列舉Claim 12:

12. In an electronic spreadsheet system for storing and manipulating information, a computer-implemented method of representing a three-dimensional spreadsheet on a screen display, the method comprising:

displaying on said screen display a first spreadsheet page from a plurality of spreadsheet pages, each of said spreadsheet pages comprising an array of information cells arranged in row and column format, at least some of said information cells storing user-supplied information and formulas operative on said user-supplied information, each of said information cells being uniquely identified by a spreadsheet page identifier, a column identifier, and a row identifier;

while displaying said first spreadsheet page, displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page, each said spreadsheet page identifier being displayed as an image of a notebook tab on said screen display and indicating a single respective spreadsheet page, wherein at least one spreadsheet page identifier of said displayed row of spreadsheet page identifiers comprises at least one user-settable identifying
character;

receiving user input for requesting display of a second spreadsheet page in response to selection with an input device of a spreadsheet page identifier for said second spreadsheet page;

in response to said receiving user input step, displaying said second spreadsheet page on said
screen display in a manner so as to obscure said first spreadsheet page from display while continuing to display at least a portion of said row of spreadsheet page identifiers; and

receiving user input for entering a formula in a cell on said second spreadsheet page, said formula including a cell reference to a particular cell on another of said spreadsheet pages having a particular spreadsheet page identifier comprising at least one user-supplied identifying character, said cell reference comprising said at least one user-supplied identifying character for said particular spreadsheet page identifier together with said column identifier and said row identifier for said particular cell.

Claim 12就描述根據使用者選擇從多個試算表分頁的第一分頁切換到第二分頁的步驟。基於上述專利範圍,Google曾於2016年提出系爭專利為非可專利標的的請願,主張相關專利範圍分頁與試算表管理的技術屬於抽象概念,且沒有進步概念(inventive concept)。當年地院判決系爭專利不具專利適格性(35U.S.C.101)。

原告/專利權人Data Engine公司主張系爭專利解決不僅改良了電子試算表的問題,更是為一種「立體試算表(three-dimensional electronic spreadsheets)」,強調Claim 12描述了立體試算表的圖形化使用者介面的特定結構,改良了先前技術(也就是改良先前電腦技術)。

對於此主張,CAFC同意Data engine公司主張,認為Claim 12描述了高度直覺、使用者友善的使用者介面,立體試算表超越了抽象概念。

2018年CAFC判定(否決地院判決):

案件發回地院重審時,Google請求重新解釋專利範圍,Google提起的爭議是:請求項前言中的「three-dimensional spreadsheet」是否解釋到專利範圍中?如果是,那範圍倒底是甚麼?

地院同意Google主張前言是專利範圍的限制,且其中用語「three-dimensional spreadsheet」意思卻與Data engine公司的主張以tab實現的立體試算表有些不同,認為意思是「在不同試算表頁的多個試算表格子中的數學關係式排列的立體網格」(“spreadsheet that defines a mathematical relation among cells on different spreadsheet pages, such that cells are arranged in a 3-D grid.”)。Google主張他們的試算表並非系爭專利的立體試算表,不能讓使用者定義試算表格子的相對位置,侵權不成立。地院同意。

接著就是Data engine公司提起上訴。

本次CAFC階段:
CAFC同意地院解釋的專利範圍,特別是針對「three-dimensional spreadsheet」的解釋,因此要討論的爭議是,這個寫在請求項前言的「three-dimensional spreadsheet」是否限制了專利範圍?(如果是限制,侵權應該就不成立,因為Google試算表沒有;如果不是限制,侵權議題還有得爭)

首先參考前例「Arctic Cat Inc. v. GEP Power Prods. (Fed. Cir. 2019)」,前言是否成為專利範圍的限制,判斷是參考內部證據,可決定是否前言為專利範圍的限制。

- 可參考之前報導,當時的爭議主要是發明日的界定:pre-AIA的發明日爭議討論 - Arctic Cat Inc. v. GEP Power Products, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/06/pre-aia-arctic-cat-inc-v-gep-power.html)

CAFC回溯過去前次CAFC判定系爭專利符合專利適格性的條件是,因為系爭專利涉及改良的圖形化介面,也就是改良的立體試算表,因此,解釋專利範圍時,這個「three-dimensional spreadsheet」就是專利範圍的一部份。

並且,根據前例,主張專利有效性與專利侵權時,要用相同的方式解釋專利範圍,不能在不同議題有不同的解釋範圍,因此,當專利權人以某個解釋確認專利權時,如前次專利適格性,仍應以相同的方式解釋專利範圍,當前言用來區隔前案時,或是因此確認專利適格性時,前言就具有解釋專利的範圍的weight(比重)。


再來就是,甚麼是「three-dimensional spreadsheet」?

專利範圍解釋時,原則是以其一般意思,也就是其中用語在發明相關領域的一般技術人員的解釋,前例為「Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)」,解釋專利範圍將參考內部證據,如說明書與答辯歷史。

- 可參考先前報導:合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html)

之於本案,其實說明書也沒有說「three-dimensional spreadsheet」為不同分頁的不同格子的數學關係式,但答辯歷史,包括前次地院中的討論,審委指出所謂「three-dimensional spreadsheet」為使用者可命名的分頁,據此也就形成前次地院的專利範圍解釋,如下:


(重要)

歷史記錄使得Data engine無法否決,根據最終的解釋,CAFC判定侵權不成立。




Ron

2021年8月30日 星期一

美國專利審查的特別優先審查方案筆記 - MPEP 708.02

專利審查原本應該是"按照申請順序依序審查",但USPTO仍提出一些「例外」規定,事實上就是常見於各國專利局提出的加速審查或優先審查方案,所謂例外,如「加速審查費用」、「各國之間的加速審查協定,如PPH」、「各國針對特定產業、有關全體人類福祉提出的優先審查方案,如能源、傳染病防治、國防安全等」,本篇筆記的是「MPEP 708.02 Petition To Make Special」中幾個可以特別優先審查的方案。

USPTO資料:

之前的報導:
- MPEP 708.02(a) 審查指南中加速審查的規定(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2010/08/mpep-70802a.html)

先講有幾個可以優先審查的特例:基於申請人的年紀或健康因素、發明為增進環境品質、能源開發或保護的貢獻,反恐的貢獻,這幾項特例可以向專利局提出「request for prioritized examination」以優先審查。

幾個不用費用的例外優先審查理由:

(1) The applicant’s age or health;
(2) That the invention will materially:
(i) Enhance the quality of the environment; 
(ii) Contribute to the development or conservation of energy resources; or 
(iii) Contribute to countering terrorism.

i. 申請人健康:提出關於"發明人或共同發明人"健康狀況的證據(醫師/醫藥證明),證明不能在一般程序中有效地協助專利審查。(編按,發明人本身就是專利申請案當然的applicant,因此不應該是一般認知經過受讓後的申請人)

I. APPLICANT’S HEALTH

An application may be made special upon a petition by applicant accompanied by any evidence showing that the state of health of the inventor or joint inventor is such that he or she might not be available to assist in the prosecution of the application if it were to run its normal course, such as a doctor’s certificate or other medical certificate. No fee is required for such a petition. See 37 CFR 1.102(c).

Personal/medical information submitted as evidence to support the petition will be available to the public if the application file and contents are available to the public pursuant to 37 CFR 1.11 or 1.14. If applicant does not wish to have this information become part of the application file record, the information must be submitted pursuant to MPEP § 724.02.

ii. 申請人年紀:提出"發明人或共同發明人"年紀在65歲或以上的聲明。(編按,同樣地,合理地,這裡的applicant指的是發明人,而非經過受讓後的申請人)

II. APPLICANT’S AGE

An application may be made special upon filing a petition including any evidence showing that the inventor or joint inventor is 65 years of age, or more, such as a statement by the inventor or joint inventor or a statement from a registered practitioner that he or she has evidence that the inventor or joint inventor is 65 years of age or older. No fee is required with such a petition. See 37 CFR 1.102(c).

The petition can be filed as a Web-based ePetition. See the ePetition Resource Page (www.uspto.gov/patents- application-process/applying-online/epetition-resource-page).

Personal/medical information submitted as evidence to support the petition will be available to the public if the application file and contents are available to the public pursuant to 37 CFR 1.11 or 1.14. If applicant does not wish to have this information become part of the application file record, the information must be submitted pursuant to MPEP § 724.02.

iii. 環境品質:關於環境品質的增進,維護人類基本生命維持或恢復的發明。(編按,這部分與實質技術相關,就不同於以上年紀與健康因素,因此就比較沒有"發明人"的角色,並提到申請人、"assignee"或代理人等可以提出聲明)

III. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will accord "special" status to all patent applications for inventions which materially enhance the quality of the environment of mankind by contributing to the restoration or maintenance of the basic life-sustaining natural elements, i.e., air, water, and soil. Any petition to make special filed under this subsection must comply with the requirements set forth in MPEP § 708.02(a).

All applicants desiring to participate in this program should petition that their applications be accorded "special" status. The petition under 37 CFR 1.102 must state that special status is sought because the invention materially enhances the quality of the environment of mankind by contributing to the restoration or maintenance of the basic life-sustaining natural elements. No fee is required for such a petition. See 37 CFR 1.102(c). If it is not clear from the application's disclosure that the claimed invention materially enhances the quality of the environment by contributing to the restoration or maintenance of one of the basic life-sustaining natural elements, the petition must be accompanied by a statement under 37 CFR 1.102 by the applicant, assignee, or an attorney/agent registered to practice before the Office explaining how the materiality standard is met. The materiality standard does not permit an applicant to speculate as to how a hypothetical end-user might specially apply the invention in a manner that could materially enhance the quality of the environment. Nor does such standard permit an applicant to enjoy the benefit of advanced examination merely because some minor aspect of the claimed invention may enhance the quality of the environment.

iv. 能源:關於能源的發現與開發,或是更有效率的能源使用與保護。

IV. ENERGY

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will, on petition, accord "special" status to all patent applications for inventions which materially contribute to (A) the discovery or development of energy resources, or (B) the more efficient utilization and conservation of energy resources. Examples of inventions in category (A) would be developments in fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, and petroleum), hydrogen fuel technologies, nuclear energy, solar energy, etc. Category (B) would include inventions relating to the reduction of energy consumption in combustion systems, industrial equipment, household appliances, etc. Any petition to make special filed under this subsection must comply with the requirements set forth in MPEP § 708.02(a).

All applicants desiring to participate in this program should petition that their applications be accorded "special" status. The petition under 37 CFR 1.102 must state that special status is sought because the invention materially contributes to category (A) or (B) set forth above. No fee is required for such a petition, 37 CFR 1.102(c). If the application disclosure is not clear on its face that the claimed invention materially contributes to category (A) or (B), the petition must be accompanied by a statement under 37 CFR 1.102 by the applicant, assignee, or an attorney/agent registered to practice before the Office explaining how the materiality standard is met. The materiality standard does not permit an applicant to speculate as to how a hypothetical end-user might specially apply the invention in a manner that could materially contribute to category (A) or (B). Nor does such standard permit an applicant to enjoy the benefit of advanced examination merely because some minor aspect of the claimed invention may be directed to category (A) or (B).

v. 反恐:根據18 U.S.C. 2331定義,國際恐怖主義的活動如:危及人類生命的活動、恐嚇或脅迫平民、通過恐嚇或脅迫影響政府的政策、暗殺或綁架政府的行為。

V. INVENTIONS FOR COUNTERING TERRORISM

In view of the importance of developing technologies for countering terrorism and the desirability of prompt disclosure of advances made in these fields, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will accord "special" status to patent applications for inventions which materially contribute to countering terrorism. Any petition to make special filed under this subsection must comply with the requirements set forth in MPEP § 708.02(a).

International terrorism as defined in 18 U.S.C. 2331 includes "activities that - (A) involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State; [and] (B) appear to be intended - (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping..." The types of technology for countering terrorism could include, but are not limited to, systems for detecting/identifying explosives, aircraft sensors/security systems, and vehicular barricades/disabling systems.

All applicants desiring to participate in this program should petition that their applications be accorded special status. The petition under 37 CFR 1.102 must state that special status is sought because the invention materially contributes to countering terrorism. No fee is required for such a petition. See 37 CFR 1.102(c). If the application disclosure is not clear on its face that the claimed invention is materially directed to countering terrorism, the petition must be accompanied by a statement under 37 CFR 1.102 by the applicant, assignee, or an attorney/agent registered to practice before the Office explaining how the invention materiality contributes to countering terrorism. The materiality standard does not permit an applicant to speculate as to how a hypothetical end-user might specially apply the invention in a manner that could counter terrorism. Nor does such standard permit an applicant to enjoy the benefit of advanced examination merely because some minor aspect of the claimed invention may be directed to countering terrorism.


Ron

2021年8月24日 星期二

用專利學地理 - 阿富汗(Afghanistan)

用專利學地理 - 阿富汗(Afghanistan)

想要貼一張阿富汗"國旗",但從Wikipedia可知,阿富汗隨著政權演變,所謂的國旗也有改變,最新「塔利班」政府國旗(資料來源:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿富汗,英文網頁反而沒有這些資訊~):
之前主要為臨時政府與阿富汗伊斯蘭國的國旗:

地理位置:

阿富汗(普什圖語/達利語:افغانستان‎,Afġānistān)是位於亞洲中南部的內陸國家,坐落在亞洲的心臟地區。根據地理分區的不同定義,阿富汗被認為處在南亞、中亞、西亞或中東。阿富汗是擁有多樣文化的國家,因地理上位於東方與西方的交界點,古時曾是重要的貿易中心和遊牧民族的遷居途徑。其擁有重要的地緣戰略位置,連接著亞歐大陸的各個主要國家,阿富汗與大部分毗鄰的國家有著宗教上、語言上相當程度的關聯。阿富汗的北部和土庫曼、烏茲別克以及塔吉克接壤,東部與中華人民共和國接壤,南部與巴基斯坦接壤,西部與伊朗接壤。
...

主管貿易、工業與投資的工業商業部(ministry of industry and commerce)官方網頁:https://moci.gov.af/
(編按,依照媒體報導美國20年內花了2兆美元幫助阿富汗,雖然看來是石沉大海,但應該也有一些貢獻在建置這些"文明"制度上,例如開通政府網站)

工業與商業部最新的新聞停留在8/12/2021(編按,阿富汗民兵組織塔利班(Taliban)在8/15/2021攻陷阿富汗首都喀布爾(Kabul)):

從WIPO的統計資料來看,並沒有專利與設計相關統計資料,但這兩年有商標的申請活動:

工業與商業部公布的出入口統計(https://moci.gov.af/sites/default/files/2019-10/export-to-english.pdf):

Ron

2021年8月18日 星期三

功能性支配的設計專利性判斷 - Sattler Tech Corp. v. Humancentric Ventures, LLC (PGR2019-00030)

本篇討論USPTO列舉先例判決「Sattler Tech Corp. v. Humancentric Ventures, LLC, Case PGR2019-00030, Paper 9 (July 26, 2019) [AIA § 321 - instituting review, design patent, alleged lack of ornamentality]」,本篇判決算是設計可否是設計專利的教戰守則,不少針對設計是否為其功能性所支配的判斷邏輯。(編按,本案目前最新進度是啟始PGR,但PTAB在做出最終決定前,專利權人已經請求不利判決(Request for Adverse Judgment),算是settle,系爭設計公報已經表示專利無效)

案件資訊:
異議人/訴願人:SATTLER TECH CORP
專利權人:HUMANCENTRIC VENTURES, LLC
系爭設計:D823,093
訴願號:PGR2019-00030

本案緣起Sattler Tech Corp.對系爭設計提起PGR異議,再經Humancentric Ventures, LLC回應初步意見(preliminary response),PTAB判定啟始(institute)PGR(35 U.S.C. § 324(a))。

系爭設計D823,093:VESA MOUNT ADAPTER BRACKET(顯示器支架,VESA是指視訊電子標準協會的標準規格)

以上支架為"功能性"裝置,就設計而言,需要找出其中"設計"成分,判決中提出為:(1)頂與底部垂片(tab),如圖5, 6,以及(2)設於對角4個角落的8個突起扣眼(grommets),如圖2("(1) top and bottom tabs; (2) eight raised grommets arranged in diagonal pairs toward the four corners of the plate.")。

35 U.S. Code § 171 - Patents for designs
(a)In General.— Whoever invents any new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title. 
(b)Applicability of This Title.— The provisions of this title relating to patents for inventions shall apply to patents for designs, except as otherwise provided. 
(c)Filing Date.— The filing date of an application for patent for design shall be the date on which the specification as prescribed by section 112 and any required drawings are filed.

判斷設計是否是功能性的依據:
根據案例High Point Design LLC v. Buyers Direct, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2013),如果設計特點為功能目的,而非裝飾性,被視為無效。再如L.A. Gear, Inc. v. Thom McAn Shoe Co. (Fed. Cir. 1993),當物品外觀由其用途與目的支配,物品需要服務特定功能,被視為功能性,因此也就不能取得設計專利,其中判斷依據是要分析物品的外觀,案例如Berry Sterling Corp. v. Pescor Plastics, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 1997)。

法院意見是,即便沒有判斷設計是否為功能性的特定測試方法,法院可以檢視是否有「設計的替代方案("availability of alternative designs as an important")」,也就是,當有幾個方式可以達成物品設計的功能,這個物品設計就比較像是裝飾目的,但反過來說,如果替代方案會造成功能上的不利影響,就不一定是替代方案了。


其中特別是法院案例"
Berry Sterling Corp. v. Pescor Plastics, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 1997)"所提出的幾個考量是否有替代設計方案作為無效請求的判斷因素:

[1] whether the protected design represents the best design;
[2] whether alternative designs would adversely affect the utility of the specified article;
[3] whether there are any concomitant utility patents;
[4] whether the advertising touts particular features of the design as having specific utility; and
[5] whether there are any elements in the design or an overall appearance clearly not dictated by function.

(1)是否設計表達了最佳設計?
(2)是否替代設計會貶損物品功能性?
(3)是否設計伴隨有發明專利?
(4)是否是廣告效果吹捧設計的特定特徵使其具有特定功能?(編按,法院想要排除廣告(對大眾心理的影響)造成的功能印象)
(5)是否有任何設計要素或是整體外觀清楚地非功能所支配?

PGR異議理由:
異議人從設計名稱著手,因為名稱VESA就是一種針對平面顯示器支架的標準規格,顯然系爭設計就是為了要安裝螢幕的用途,因此系爭設計由其用途與目的所支配("dictated by its use and purpose"),因此整體為功能性設計。

這時,上述分離出的裝飾元件(tabs, grommets)成為爭議重點。

TAB:
(1)頂與底部垂片(tab),如圖5, 6。

異議人引用amazon.com中其他VESA設計,以此證明所謂tab(垂片)已經見於其他VESA設計上,目的是讓螺絲可以鎖固螢幕。



GROMMETS:
(2)設於對角4個角落的8個突起扣眼(grommets),如圖2。

異議人主張扣眼的功能是調節間距、尺寸與突起邊緣,這些也是依照VESA標準的設計。以圖表示其中工業規格的必要,甚至孔洞的大小都是規定好的。


替代設計的有效性(availability of alternative designs)討論:
異議人提出兩個VESA支架範例說明系爭設計的裝飾特點都是有其目的與規格的。
(1)

(2)

除了證明系爭設計中,即便有好像是裝飾的元素,但仍屬於功能性元素,目的都是要符合VESA規格的設計,比對起其他替代方案整體上設計也沒有創造性。

在判斷是否啟始PGR的決定中,的PTAB判決系爭設計缺乏裝飾性,沒有設計專利性,同意啟始PGR。

DECISION
Institution of Post-Grant Review (35 U.S.C. § 324)。

PTAB決定:

依照PGR歷史記錄,本案專利權人請求不利判決(Request for Adverse Judgment)。



Ron

2021年8月16日 星期一

發明人文件不確實形成的訴訟阻礙 - BobCar Media v. Aardvark (S.D.N.Y. 2018)

本篇討論的議題是發明人文件不確實形成的訴訟阻礙 - BobCar Media v. Aardvark (Southern District Court of N.Y., 2018),訴訟中,多少證據講多少話,至少這是一個不變的原則,但也會形成鑽牛角尖的訴訟困擾,當一方在提交文件上有缺失時,特別是原本的訴訟姿態是強力而全面時,被告的一方將會窮盡一切能力找出其中弱點,一點點缺失也可。本案討論的就是這樣,即便原告可以補件,但是訴訟第一時間的缺失形成極大的困擾。

地院階段:
案件資訊:
原告:BOBCAR MEDIA, LLC
被告:AARDVARK EVENT LOGISTICS, INC.
系爭專利:US7,942,461; US8,220,854; US8,690,215; D652,353; D678,823; D736,675
判決日:December 7, 2018

April 20, 2016
Bobcar向Aardvark提起侵權議題:
35 U.S.C. § 271 Infringement of patent
15 U.S. Code § 1125 False designations of origin, false descriptions, and dilution forbidden
專利侵權、商標(trademark, trade dress)侵權、不公平競爭

Aardvark反訴Bobcar,提起確認之訴:系爭專利無效、專利與商標侵權不成立,以及沒有不公平競爭。

September 7, 2018
Aardvark修改訴狀,主張Bobcar並沒有擁有所提出的系爭專利,缺乏訴訟立場(lack of standing)。

系爭專利有關移動式展示間,如:
US7,942,461
D652,353

D736,675

Aardvark聰明地查閱這些系爭專利,'461發明人列有Benjamin Cohen, David Hazan,其餘5件的發明人也一樣列舉相同發明人,後續5件也是'461的延續案,如D652,353就為'461的CIP案(編按,算特別,延續案為設計,為其發明母案的CIP案~)。

通過事實的探索,Bobcar並沒有提出發明人簽署的讓渡書(相關副本),而發明人挺身而出說明很多年前已經在專利申請時簽署讓渡給Bobcar,也同意Bobcar就是這些專利的擁有人。

關於訴訟立場的證明,原告在提出訴訟時就有責任以優越的證據表明自己司法立場(by a preponderance of the evidence),一般來說這不會是主要議題,但是,一旦被告提起相關請願,司法文件變得十分嚴肅,本案問題就是提起訴訟的當下,Bobcar並沒有讓渡文件,但主張即便這樣仍保有訴訟立場(其實證據就在提出中)。

這也變成本案主要爭議,即便原告可以提出有效證據,但對於當下訴訟而言,卻因為第一時間的缺失(缺乏紙本文件)變得尷尬。

這些議題有不少前例可循,當原告抓住這個缺失猛攻,確實對原告造成不小的困擾!

Bobcar第一時間並未提交讓渡證明文件,也承認因為文件遺失,無法提交最初申請時的讓渡文件,法院也傾向判定Bobcar缺乏訴訟立場。不過,在最佳證據規則下(
the “best evidence” rule),法院也提供Bobcar機會補件。若未在法院指定時間前補件,本訴訟案將被撤銷。

Bobcar"好戰"的反應卻是上訴CAFC,不過,不幸的是,CAFC並未真正受理,案件也隨之變得複雜到尋求最高法院意見,議題也有有所不同。

CAFC階段:
(沒有意見,Rule 36)

最高法院階段:
地院法官同意BobCar補件,但BobCar直接上訴CAFC,不過卻也遭遇無意見駁回,案件目前進入最高法院,提出的議題針對Rule 36是否違法。



1. 是否CAFC可以用一句話就駁回上訴(就確認地院判決)?
2. 是否使用Rule 36可以沒有解釋就做出駁回憲法賦予權利與私權的決定?
3. 是否使用Rule 36就可以沒有解釋就不考慮上訴案件?



Ron

2021年8月11日 星期三

A.I.發明人Dabus的申請案以及澳洲聯邦法院案例

過去關於Dabus的專利案討論:

- A.I.發明人!Mr. A.I.(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/04/aimr-ai.html)
- 歐洲專利局駁回AI為發明人的專利申請案(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/09/ai.html)

本篇議題涉及一個在"全球"引起討論的AI演算法"DABUS",Mr. Dabus("Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience"的縮寫)為A.I.機器人,為兩件專利的發明人(申請人是"獲得Dabus"授權的Stephen L. Thaler),兩件專利分別關於LED作為緊急照明信號的技術,以及食物容器,其一為美案16/524,350。

根據patently-o部落格專欄(值得參考,Guest Post by Meshandren Naidoo and Dr. Christian E. Mammen),Dabus專利在美國、英國與歐洲因為非適格發明人而不予專利,但南非專利局(實際名稱是公司與智財委員會CIPC,網站:http://www.cipc.co.za/za/)卻於2021年7月同意以Dabus列為發明人的專利申請案,並做出公開文獻。

CIPC智財網站:https://iponline.cipc.co.za/Default.aspx(檢索要註冊,就先不用)

從WIPO資料庫用發明人"Dabus"可以找出在紐西蘭、印度、以色列與WIPO的申請案(專利家族顯示還有英國、澳洲與日本,另外應還有美國),以WIPO案為例:WO2020079499 - FOOD CONTAINER AND DEVICES AND METHODS FOR ATTRACTING ENHANCED ATTENTION

專利家族申請時序:

PCT案公開案:

Claim 1:

Claim 1描述的食物容器包括有一致厚度的圓柱牆,定義容器容量、頂與底部元件,之後描述此容器的細節,看來不是一般理解的單一容器,容器壁是有彈性的,可以通過凹凸結構相互組合的容器。


南非是專利局受理申請案,從IPWatchdog報導知道澳洲專利局否決此案,但經上訴後,聯邦法院認為A.I.發明人為合法的專利發明人。

AU2019363177

澳洲聯邦法院判決:https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2021/2021fca0879

"Thaler v. Commissioner of Patents"案件資訊:
申請人/上訴人:STEPHEN THALER
被告:澳洲專利局(COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS)

法官:Beach J.
判決日:30 JULY 2021

法院判決依據仍是"依法行事",提到澳洲專利法(Part 2 of Ch 2 of the Act)定義了專利權人(ownership),卻沒有定義發明人(inventorship),法條如下,發明取得專利授予權利給:發明人、發明人所讓與的人、發明人死後的法定代理人等。

a patent for an invention may only be granted to a person who:
(a) is the inventor; or
(b) would, on the grant of a patent for the invention, be entitled to have the patent assigned to the person; or
(c) derives title to the invention from the inventor or a person mentioned in paragraph (b); or
(d) is the legal representative of a deceased person mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

(編按,我國專利法第95條規定:發明專利權人為自然人、學校或中小企業者,得向專利專責機關申請減免專利年費,其中非針對發明人,但是審查基準則有提到申請書中的發明人必為自然人)

因為沒有定義發明人,所以法院沒有判決不受理A.I.為發明人的申請案,法官判定,第一,發明人可以是「非人類」,認為專利局不能說不可以是非人類的發明人;第二,如果專利局認為法律要求發明人是「人類」,但也不是所依據的專利細則Reg 3.2C(2)(aa)所規定的;第三,專利審查委員不應僅依據附屬法條就不實質審理申請案。

(Reg 3.2C(2)(aa) requires that the applicant, who in this case is Dr Stephen Thaler, must provide the name of the inventor of the invention to which the application relates.)

從判決中整理一些法官判決的理由:

專利申請案的申請人可以是「非人類」,主要理由是:專利法並未明確拒絕A.I.系統可以是發明人;發明人"inventor"是一代理名詞(agent noun),因此可以是人或事物("an inventor is an agent noun; an agent can be a person or thing that invents.");專利法,不像是著作權法要求作者是人,或是有精神上的權利,其立法並未排除「非人類」;法官引用藥物研究證明很多疫苗、藥品的研究都是倚賴人工智慧,認為其中表明不應狹隘地看待“發明人”的概念,這樣做可能抑制電腦科學的創新,或是其他受益於人工智能的科學領域的創新。

法官的英語教學:

"Third, as the word “inventor” is not defined in the Act or the Regulations, it has its ordinary meaning. In this respect then, the word “inventor” is an agent noun. In agent nouns, the suffix “or” or “er” indicates that the noun describes the agent that does the act referred to by the verb to which the suffix is attached. “Computer”, “controller”, “regulator”, “distributor”, “collector”, “lawnmower” and “dishwasher” are all agent nouns. As each example demonstrates, the agent can be a person or a thing. Accordingly, if an artificial intelligence system is the agent which invents, it can be described as an “inventor”."

(updated on June 30, 2025)
本篇為2021年當時澳洲聯邦法院不排除AI可以是發明人的判決,然而本判決經上訴法院駁回(2023年),可參考:AI實現的發明的所有權討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/06/ai_30.html),因此,澳洲目前是不接受AI為法定發明人。

參考資料:

IPWatchdog: https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/02/dabus-scores-win-ai-inventorship-question-australia-court/id=136304/

Patently-o: https://patentlyo.com/patent/2021/08/traction-recognize-invented.html

Ron

2021年8月10日 星期二

歐洲專利文件類別碼筆記與範例

範例:

EP A1:具備檢索報告的專利公開案


EP A2:沒有檢索報告的專利公開案


EP A3:與專利文件分離的檢索報告,範例顯示,除了首頁是專利公開案資訊外,其餘內容為檢索報告。


EP A4:補充檢索報告


EP B1:核准專利


EP B2:經過異議程序後修改的專利


EP B8:B(B1,B2)文件的更正本首頁



EP B9:B文件的重印版本(有完整說明書)



EP patent document kind codes:

https://register.epo.org/help?lng=en&topic=kindcodes

參考資料:

https://help.patsnap.com/hc/en-us/articles/208597729-Kind-Codes-What-Do-They-Mean-


EP A documents

European patent applications, published 18 months after filing with the EPO or 18 months after the priority date

A1

European patent application published with European search report

A2

European patent application published without European search report (search report not available at publication date)

A3

Separate publication of European search report

A4

Supplementary search report

A8

Corrected title page of A document, ie. A1 or A2 document

A9

Complete reprint of A document, ie. A1, A2 or A3 document

EP B documents

European patent specifications

B1

European patent specification (granted patent)

B2

New European patent specification (amended specification after opposition procedure)

B3

European patent specification (after limitation procedure)

B8

Corrected title page of B document (i.e. B1 or B2 document)

B9

Complete reprint of B document (i.e. B1 or B2 document)

WO A documents

A1

International application published with international search report

A2

International application published without international search report or (from 1 January 2009 onwards) international application published with declaration under Article 17(2)(a)

A3

Later publication if ISR with revised front page

A4

(from 1 January 2009 onwards) Later publication of amended claims and/or statement (Art.19)

Ron