2019年7月19日 星期五

沒有技術方案的權利範圍不具可專利性 - Reese v. Spring Nextel (Fed. Cir. 2019)

本案主標題是:沒有技術方案的權利範圍不具可專利性,但仍有個次標題是:判斷101適格性時,不一定需要解釋專利範圍。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:MORRIS REESE
被告/被上訴人:SPRINT NEXTEL CORPORATION; TRACFONE WIRELESS, INC., ERRONEOUSLY SUED AS TRACFONE WIRELESS SERVICES INC.; VERIZON WIRELESS SERVICES LLC, ERRONEOUSLY SUED AS CELLCO PARTNERSHIP, DOING BUSINESS AS VERIZON WIRELESS; AT&T MOBILITY II LLC; T-MOBILE USA, INC.
系爭專利:US6,868,150
判決日:June 10, 2019

本案緣起專利權人Reese對幾個電信公司提出侵權告訴,被告如Sprint、AT&T、Verizon、T-Mobile等,被告在地院對系爭專利提起專利不具適格性的簡易判決請求,法院判決專利不具專利適格性,不符35 U.S.C. § 101。

系爭專利US6,868,150關於來電顯示的電話技術,其中方法是提供一中央伺服器管理去電等待與Caller ID服務,主張侵權的請求項為claims 23, 32。根據Claim 23,第一方訂閱了CLASS服務,第一方具有Caller ID,第三方為打電話者,打了第一方的電話號碼,而第一方與第二方之間建立了來電對話(telephone call conversation)。方法中,第一方TCO接收了第三方(打電話者)的DN(directory telephone number),其中第三方DN並未揭示在第一方的裝置中;此時,TCO傳送來電等待(call waiting)的電話音給第一方,此等待音向第一方指出是由第三方的來電。

23. A method for indicating to a first party who subscribes to a Custom Local Area Signaling System (CLASS) service including Caller Identification (Caller ID) and who is engaged in a telephone call conversation with a second party an incoming call from a third party calling a telephone number of the first party, comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving at a terminating central office (TCO) of the first party who subscribes to said CLASS service including said Caller ID and who is engaged in the telephone conversation with the second party the third party directory telephone number (DN) flagged as private from an originating central office of the third party, indicating that said DN of the third party is not to be disclosed at the first party called station; and

(b) said TCO then sending a call waiting (CW) tone signal to the first party, said CW tone signal indicates to the first party the incoming call from the third party.

上述權利範圍描述了一個來電顯示的技術,地方法院認為這是一個抽象概念,且沒有描述「實際的過程與必要設備」,因此並未具備可以轉換抽象概念的本質為超越抽象概念的應用的技術元件。





判斷101要件,解釋專利範圍不是一定必要的動作:
裡涉及一個小議題是,專利權人認為地方法院在沒有解釋專利範圍的情況下就作出專利無效的決定,對此意見,CAFC法官引述前例Content Extraction & Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank (Fed. Cir. 2014),認為,縱使判斷專利適格性應該要對專利範圍有全盤理解,但對於101的判斷,解釋專利範圍卻不是一定必要的動作。因此認為地方法院沒錯。



"Although the determination of patent eligibility requires a full understanding of the basic character of the claimed subject matter, claim construction is not an inviolable prerequisite to a validity determination under § 101.”"

相關過去報導:
應用習知裝置執行原本的工作不會轉換抽象為可專利的發明 - Content Extraction v. Wells Fargo Bank (CAFC 2014)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/05/contect-extraction-v-wells-fargo-bank.html

Alice Step One ("we consider whether the character of the claims in their entirety is directed to a patent-ineligible concept.")

法院的意見是,系爭專利範圍關於接收資訊與傳送訊息(撥號音)到來電的對象的抽象概念,權利範圍中並未描述任何可以接收與傳送訊息的方法,儘管專利權人主張系爭專利範圍關於電話技術...。

法官認為請求項並未提出接收與傳送訊息的方法(儘管有實際用途,但卻沒有具體方案)("The claims do not recite any particular method of receiving the information and sending the indicating tone in response.")。

Alice Step Two ("we search for an inventive concept sufficient to transform the claims into significantly more than the abstract idea itself")

當發明涉及抽象概念,即須繼續判斷專利範圍中是否具有可以轉換抽象概念為可專利的應用的額外元件,法院認為,系爭專利範圍並未具有任何非習知的技術元件(使用傳統電話設備執行一般功能),僅描述功能,而沒有提出技術方案,即便限定在電話技術上,仍不足以具備可專利性。

法院認為這句話"The claims do not recite any particular method of receiving the information and sending the indicating tone in response."使得專利為抽象的方案,而又暗示如何具有可專利性:"Reese does not point to any non-generic telephone network components and instead, asserts that “no successful combination of caller ID and call waiting yet existed” and that his “combination of known switching equipment with the steps set forth” in the claims removes them from abstractness."

(編按,重要,法院提出的答辯方式)也就是說,如系爭專利這類技術,要提出「非一般電話網路的元件」,且要聲明「習知沒有成功地結合本案技術元件(caller ID與call waiting)」,以及「結合已知元件與所提出的步驟能夠克服抽象概念」。

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1971.Opinion.6-10-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/1p99h09jo043804falv1gwkobdkuju1t

my two cents:
當判斷101專利適格性時,沒有搭配解釋專利範圍,法院的意思是,從專利範圍字面可理解專利為何,表示,專利範圍的字面意思變得十分重要,要避免法官誤解,還不能用錯字,就如專利權人擔心的一樣。

資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/06/ineligibility-decisions-court.html

Ron

2019年7月17日 星期三

證明發明為顯而易見的論述 - Samsung Electroncs v. UUSI (Fed. Cir. 2019)

本篇討論證明發明為顯而易知的論述 - Samsung Electroncs v. UUSI (Fed. Cir. 2019)

案件資訊:
上訴人:SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
被上訴人/專利權人:UUSI, LLC, DBA NARTRON
系爭專利:US5,796,183
判決日:June 18, 2019

本案緣起專利權人UUSI對Samsung提出侵權告訴,Samsung於是提出IPR異議,不過,在PTAB作出專利有效的最終決定後,Samsung對此最終決定提出上訴。

系爭專利US5,796,183關於一種電容響應性電子切換電路,其實就是多點觸控螢幕的技術,專利範圍Claim 40界定一個電容響應式電子切換電路,包括有振盪器、微控制器、多個小型輸入觸控終端(觸控面板上的元件),以及偵測電路,接收觸控訊號,並設定閥值,能避免意外觸碰產生的訊息。

40. A capacitive responsive electronic switching circuit comprising:
an oscillator providing a periodic output signal having a predefined frequency;
a microcontroller using the periodic output signal from the oscillator, the microcontroller selectively providing signal output frequencies to a plurality of small sized input touch terminals of a keypad, wherein the selectively providing comprises the microcontroller selectively providing a signal output frequency to each row of the plurality of small sized input touch terminals of the keypad;
the plurality of small sized input touch terminals defining adjacent areas on a dielectric substrate for an operator to provide inputs by proximity and touch; and
a detector circuit coupled to said oscillator for receiving said periodic output signal from said oscillator, and coupled to said input touch terminals, said detector circuit being responsive to signals from said oscillator via said microcontroller and a presence of an operator’s body capacitance to ground coupled to said touch terminals when proximal or touched by the operator to provide a control output signal, wherein said predefined frequency of said oscillator and said signal output frequencies are selected to decrease a first impedance of said dielectric substrate relative to a second impedance of any contaminate that may create an electrical path on said dielectric substrate between said adjacent areas defined by the plurality of small sized input touch terminals, and wherein said detector circuit compares a sensed body capacitance change to ground proximate an input touch terminal to a threshold level to prevent inadvertent generation of the control output signal.



103議題:

Samsung提出系爭專利Claim 40等項不具非顯而易知性的理由是,系爭發明相對先前技術US5,565,658 (Gerpheide)、US5,087,825 (Ingraham)與US5,594,222 (Caldwell)為顯而易知,其中,Ingraham/Caldwell兩案已經教示系爭發明所有技術,但並未揭示"提供多個訊號頻率給觸控板"的特徵,但這個特徵揭示於Gerpheide案中。

PTAB最終決定認為Samsung並未提出兩點涉及顯而易見性的論點(編按,這是我們答辯時需要的論述之一):
(1) a motivation to combine Gerpheide with Ingraham/Caldwell and 
(2) a reasonable expectation of success in achieving the claimed limitation of “providing signal frequencies.

也就是,要證明某發明為先前技術的簡單組合,需要證明:(1)證明先前技術具有結合的「動機(motivation to combine)」,以及(2)先前技術的組合對系爭案發明有成功的合理期待(reasonable expectation of success)。

CAFC法官即針對以上兩點作出意見,

I. Motivation to Combine
PTAB認為,因為Gerpheide教示單一觸控的觸控面板,不是多點觸控,不能用在Ingraham、Galdwell的技術中,也就是單一觸控的技術不一定能教示多點觸控的技術。

然而,CAFC法官贊同Samsung的意見,先前技術Ingraham、Caldwell的組合將面對電子干擾,Gerpheide教示了解決電容性觸控面板上電子干擾的辦法,由於這些前案都提出降低電子干擾的方案,即使這些技術分屬不同型態的觸控裝置,並未減損其結合的動機相關領域技術人員有動機結合這先前案的技術實現系爭專利的發明



II. Reasonable Expectation of Success
有關成功的合理期待,相關案例:

Intelligent Bio-Sys., Inc. v. Illumina Cambridge Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2016)
"In order to establish a reasonable expectation of success, the challenger must show “a reasonable expectation of achieving what is claimed in the patent-at-issue.”"

Allergan, Inc. v. Apotex Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2014)
"Reasonable expectation of success constitutes a question of law where, as here, it rests on claim construction and there is no extrinsic evidence offered in connection with claim construction."

建立「成功的合理期待」,應該基於適當的專利範圍解釋,不能用外部證據來解釋專利範圍,解釋專利範圍後,需要證明先前技術對於實現此專利有合理的期待(或說預期、期望)。

CAFC認為,PTAB在解釋專利範圍時有問題,因此針對成功的合理期待的論述不明確,因此重新解釋專利範圍,對於「成功的合理期待」,CAFC法官鎖定的議題是:是否通過"修改"先前技術,其組合可以「提供多個訊號頻率(多點觸控)給觸控板」?



對此,CAFC法官認為PTAB並未適當解釋專利範圍,因此基於錯誤的專利範圍解釋的成功的合理期待論述有誤,因此撤銷PTAB決定,發回重審。

判決文:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1310.Opinion.6-18-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/petwz43029cgc4xgn0s2riacdukh85e6

my two cents:
要證明專利顯而易見,有幾個要點:
(1)先前技術需要有組合動機;
(2)先前技術是否教示了系爭案的發明特點,先前技術對此是否有「成功的合理期待」;
(3)證明先前技術具有成功的合理期待,為基於適當的專利範圍解釋;
(4)即便先前技術分屬不同技術(應該在同一領域),並不會減損其組合的可能;
(5)如果同一領域的先前技術解決相同的問題,對於相關領域技術人員而言,具有結合的動機;
(6)103議題為法律問題;
(7)但是論證時,就十分「技術性」;
(8)要證明先前技術對於系爭案發明有成功的合理期待,要從其內部的描述來證明,而且是十分「技術性的議題」。

參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/06/technique-usually-obvious.html

Ron

2019年7月16日 星期二

最高法院認證「政府」不是「人」- Return Mail, Inc. v. United States Postal Service (Supreme Court 2019)

本篇名為「政府」不是「人」- Return Mail, Inc. v. United States Postal Service (Supreme Court 2019),如題!

案件資訊:
上訴人/原告:RETURN MAIL, INC.
原被告:UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE ET AL.
系爭專利:US6,826,548
判決日:June 10, 2019

系爭專利關於處理無法順利遞送信件的方法,而被告USPS是聯邦郵政局,USPS當時先對系爭專利提起Ex parte reexamination,但USPTO確認專利有效。原告之後在專門處理聯邦政府訴訟的「Court of Federal Claims」提起專利侵權訴訟,USPS此時對系爭專利提出CBM異議程序。

US6,826,548「System and method for processing returned mail」:


Claim 1:
1. A method for processing a plurality of undeliverable mail items comprising the steps of:
encoding data including intended recipient identification information on each of a plurality of mail items prior to mailing;
receiving those items of the plurality of mail items that are returned as being undeliverable;
scanning and decoding the encoded data on the items of undeliverable mail to identify intended recipients having incorrect addresses; and
electronically transferring to the sender information for the identified intended recipients for the sender to update the sender's mailing address files.

此案中,Return Mail對美國郵政服務(USPS,聯邦政府的部門之一)提出侵權告訴,USPS即對系爭專利提出CBM異議請願,結果PTAB作出系爭專利為非可專利的標的(ineligible subject matter)的決定,專利權人上訴CAFC,被聯邦法院確認專利權無效的決定。

這個議題涉及何謂「person」?

相關定義在1 U. S. C. §1

案件進入美國最高法院,最高法院作出的決定指出因為「政府不是人」,不能對專利提出IPR/PGR/CBM異議。

這裡也提到一個「政府不是人」的理由,AIA程序排除聯邦機構可以避免專利權人需要在聯邦機構捍衛專利權的尷尬。
"Excluding federal agencies from AIA review proceedings also avoids the awkward situation of having a civilian patent owner defend the patentability of her invention in an adversarial, adjudicatory proceeding initiated by one federal agency and overseen by a different federal agency."

本案結論:最高法院判決中,以6-3的比例確認「政府不是人」,因此不能在PTAB/USPTO提出IPR請願

其中依據是35 U.S.C. 311對於IPR規定,只要不是專利權人,任何人可以對專利提起IPR/PGR/CBM請願("a person who is not the owner of a patent may file with the office a petition to institute an inter partes review of the patent")。



[相關法條]
1 U. S. C. §1
§1. Words denoting number, gender, and so forth
In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the context indicates otherwise—
words importing the singular include and apply to several persons, parties, or things;
words importing the plural include the singular;
words importing the masculine gender include the feminine as well;
words used in the present tense include the future as well as the present;
the words “insane” and “insane person” shall include every idiot, insane person, and person non compos mentis;
the words “person” and “whoever” include corporations, companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock companies, as well as individuals;
“officer” includes any person authorized by law to perform the duties of the office;
“signature” or “subscription” includes a mark when the person making the same intended it as such;
“oath” includes affirmation, and “sworn” includes affirmed;
“writing” includes printing and typewriting and reproductions of visual symbols by photographing, multigraphing, mimeographing, manifolding, or otherwise.

35 U.S.C. 311   Inter partes review.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the provisions of this chapter, a person who is not the owner of a patent may file with the Office a petition to institute an inter partes review of the patent. The Director shall establish, by regulation, fees to be paid by the person requesting the review, in such amounts as the Director determines to be reasonable, considering the aggregate costs of the review.
(b) SCOPE.—A petitioner in an inter partes review may request to cancel as unpatentable 1 or more claims of a patent only on a ground that could be raised under section 102 or 103 and only on the basis of prior art consisting of patents or printed publications.
(c) FILING DEADLINE.—A petition for inter partes review shall be filed after the later of either—
(1) the date that is 9 months after the grant of a patent or issuance of a reissue of a patent; or
(2) if a post-grant review is instituted under chapter 32, the date of the termination of such post-grant review.

相關異議措施與法條:
(1)  “inter  partes  review,”  §311;  
(2)  “post-grant  review,”  §321;  and  
(3)  “covered-business-method  review”  (CBM  re-view),  note  following  §321.

最高法院判決書備份:https://app.box.com/s/h7sn6ar4jd7ljivpq6720qcsw9q70t9a

my two cents:
這是有影響的判決(最高法院判決),表示專利權人對政府部門提出告訴後,政府部門卻不能以IPR等程序作出反擊(其他方案:Ex parte Reexamination、訴訟當庭提出專利無效請願),這樣會不會讓大家都很樂意對政府提告,只因為政府不是人!

有興趣者可以看最高法院判決書後的反對意見!

其他有關與政府部門的專利訴訟報導:
- 美國政府說自己不會是美國專利的侵權者(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/10/blog-post_12.html
- 告美國政府 - 法院意見可能太過分,但專利仍無效 - American Innotek v. U.S.A. (Fed. Cir. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/01/american-innotek-v-usa-fed-cir-2017.html
- 美國聯邦索賠法院 - Court of Federal Claims(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/08/court-of-federal-claims.html

本篇最高法院案件資訊:https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?FileName=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1594.html

資料參考:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_Mail_Inc._v._United_States_Postal_Service
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/06/government-therefore-petitions.html

Ron

2019年7月15日 星期一

CIP的母案成為先前技術的筆記

CIP的母案成為先前技術的筆記

- 有關102(a)(2)例外條款102(b)(2)的筆記 - MPEP 2154.02(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/05/102a2102b2-mpep-215402.html
- 新穎性先前技術的例外 - MPEP 717
https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/07/mpep-717.html

CIP案(Continuation in Part)是一種可以提供申請人/發明人以新增技術特徵(new matter)的方式提出申請的接續案,一般來說,就是已經提出申請的母案之後,加入新特徵的接續案。常見情境是,母案遭受核駁,又無法答辯(或其他理由)的情況,希望通過新增技術特徵而延續案件的方案。

然而,面對美國專利改革法案(AIA)後,CIP這類案型遭遇到不小的挑戰,因為CIP提出時,母案往往已經公開,而且公開"超過一年",這樣母案成為「有效的先前技術」。

相關案例討論如:
- CIP母案可能為CIP案先前技術的討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/01/cipcip.html
- CIP案被自己母案阻礙的案例 - Santarus v. Par Pharma (Fed. Cir. 2012)(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2014/10/cip-santarus-v-par-pharma-fed-cir-2012.html

如此,對「新增母案未揭露的技術特徵的CIP案的申請專利範圍」而言,CIP的存在意義為何?或是,CIP的申請策略為何?

- 回歸每個申請案都為獨立申請案的樣貌,以及Claim-By-Claim的判斷原則,「新增母案未揭露技術特徵的CIP案的申請專利範圍」的「有效申請日」為CIP案的申請日,無法溯及母案申請日。

- 35 U.S.C. 120規定後申請案如何主張與先前申請案同樣申請日時間的規定。

35 U.S.C. 120 BENEFIT OF EARLIER FILING DATE IN THE UNITED STATES.

An application for patent for an invention disclosed in the manner provided by section 112(a) (other than the requirement to disclose the best mode) in an application previously filed in the United States, or as provided by section 363 or 385 which names an inventor or joint inventor in the previously filed application shall have the same effect, as to such invention, as though filed on the date of the prior application, if filed before the patenting or abandonment of or termination of proceedings on the first application or on an application similarly entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the first application and if it contains or is amended to contain a specific reference to the earlier filed application. No application shall be entitled to the benefit of an earlier filed application under this section unless an amendment containing the specific reference to the earlier filed application is submitted at such time during the pendency of the application as required by the Director. The Director may consider the failure to submit such an amendment within that time period as a waiver of any benefit under this section. The Director may establish procedures, including the requirement for payment of the fee specified in section 41(a)(7), to accept an unintentionally delayed submission of an amendment under this section.

- 若CIP案的申請專利範圍包括母案未揭露的特徵,該項申請專利範圍的有效申請日為CIP案申請日,但同樣地,若前後申請案有箱同的至少一個發明人,後案仍符合不具新穎性排除條款。

35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1)規定發明在申請日前已公開,不具新穎性,這是「比公開日」的新穎性條款,其例外條款為102(b)(1)(A)(B):(法條中的claimed invention即指本篇討論的CIP案具有new matter的專利範圍)

根據102(b)(1)(A),當先前揭露(母案)是CIP案的「發明人、共同發明人或其他直接或間接由發明人或共同發明人得到」的揭露內容,若其公開於CIP案的有效申請日前"一年內",CIP的母案並不視為先前技術

根據102(b)(1)(B),若CIP案具有new matter的Claim的先前揭露內容(由CIP案發明人、共同發明人或他人直接或間接由CIP案發明人或共同發明人取得的揭露)早於其母案的揭露內容,可以排除母案為其先前技術。

(b) EXCEPTIONS.—
  • (1) DISCLOSURES MADE 1 YEAR OR LESS BEFORE THE EFFECTIVE FILING DATE OF THE CLAIMED INVENTION.—A disclosure made 1 year or less before the effective filing date of a claimed invention shall not be prior art to the claimed invention under subsection (a)(1) if—
    • (A) the disclosure was made by the inventor or joint inventor or by another who obtained the subject matter disclosed directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor; or
    • (B) the subject matter disclosed had, before such disclosure, been publicly disclosed by the inventor or a joint inventor or another who obtained the subject matter disclosed directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor.

35 U.S.C. 102(a)(2)規定有效申請日在他人的專利申請日之後,不具新穎性,例外條款為102(b)(2)(A)(B)(C),但這並非CIP案的情況,因此不列入考慮。

小結:
CIP案提出的時機,應該要在母案公開日後一年內,母案就不會成為CIP案的先前技術。
CIP案提出時,如果有其早於母案(公開日)的揭露,還可排除母案為先前技術。

否則,建議CIP案可另外新案申請,當然新增技術面對自己原本母案的揭露內容時仍應具備非顯而易知性,只是,至少不要自動連結自己的母案。

補充我國專利法審查基準「優先權」篇章中對美國CIP案的討論(updated on July 16, 2019):CIP案新增部分為「第一次申請」,可以成為其他後申請案的優先權基礎案。


一些資料可參考:
CIP案申請討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/01/cip.html
CIP母案可能為CIP案先前技術的討論(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2015/01/cipcip.html

CIP案被自己母案阻礙的案例 - Santarus v. Par Pharma (Fed. Cir. 2012)(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2014/10/cip-santarus-v-par-pharma-fed-cir-2012.html

Ron

2019年7月11日 星期四

電腦軟體的商標分類筆記

筆記

不小心與同事討論到商標的電腦分類,一個簡單的問題是,電腦軟體是否要加上"downloadable" =>"downloadable computer software"?

查到的資料來自:CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER SERVICES AND ASSOCIATED POLICY IN THE TRADEMARK OFFICE(USPTO商標辦公室的電腦軟體與相關策略)
https://www.uspto.gov/trademark/trademark-updates-and-announcements/proposed-amendments-identifications-goods-and-services

摘錄其中重點:
  • 類別9(Class 9):預錄在硬體上的軟體,硬體如CD、磁碟、磁帶等,此類別的軟體要明確指出軟體的目的或功能。太廣的描述不能被接受,例如,商標局不會接受"用在商業使用的軟體"這類的描述。
  • 類別9也包括電腦硬體。
  • 類別42(Class 42),關於多人存取網路資訊的類別,「可自網路上下載的電腦軟體」的服務,可下載軟體被視為一種服務(service),這個服務提供全球網路下載軟體程式,同樣地,也要明確指出這個可下載軟體的目的或功能。("providing computer software [indicate specific subject or function] that may be downloaded from a global computer network.")
  • 類別16(Class 16): 關於出版品的硬拷貝(hard copy)(可廣義地包括軟體程式的硬拷貝),而可以自網路下載的書報雜誌(出版品)不算是這個類別。
  • 提供下載出版品的服務是屬於類別42,並要指出出版品目的。
  • 類別35, 36, 37, 39, 40 & 41(Classes 35, 36, 37, 39, 40 & 41):任何服務的活動屬於這些類別,如發生在網路上的電腦遊戲、商業交易等服務。例如,網路銀行服務在類別36,利用網路(網站...)提供資訊的服務(內容提供者)也屬於類別36。
  • 類別38(Class 38),關於連接電腦網路的電信服務,而且指由AT&T, MCI等電信商提供的電信服務。此類別包括電腦之間通信,不包括資料傳輸。

-------------------
本篇主要討論的一個議題是,類別16關於軟體程式的硬拷貝,而在類別9的電腦軟體為”downloadable”。

https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/notices/class.html

Class 16: As with software in Class 9, only hard copy is considered Class 16 goods. Magazines or books that are downloadable from a computer network are not hard goods and are not classified in Class 16.

-------------------
以下列舉USPTO因應技術發展的變化一些修正建議,確實很多行業在產業轉變時會有變化,例如原本燒錄在CD上的軟體程式變成網路下載,因此Class 16與Class 9之間就會有修正計畫(pilot program to allow amendments to identifications of goods and services in trademark registrations due to technology evolution)。

案例一:商標註冊2218918號

原本描述「Printed forms used to analyze the stocks of publicly owned companies considered for investment, in International Class 16」,修正後描述「Downloadable electronic forms used to analyze the stocks of publicly owned companies considered for investment, in International Class 9」。

案例二:商標註冊3523796號


原本描述「Audio tapes featuring spoken word in the field of Italian, Pre-recorded CDs, audio cassettes, video tapes, laser disks and DVDs featuring entertainment and education in the field of Italian culture, language and vocabulary, International Class 9」,修正後描述「Audio recordings featuring spoken word in the field of Italian, Digital media, namely downloadable audio and video recordings featuring entertainment and education in the field of Italian culture, language and vocabulary, International Class 9」。

案例三:商標註冊3615366號

原本描述「Television program guide, in International Class 16」,修正後描述「Downloadable electronic television program guide in International Class 9」。


Ron

2019年7月8日 星期一

"i.e."與"e.g."的解釋專利範圍討論 - Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2017)

"i.e."或是"e.g.",一般來說,前者意思是「也就是」,後者意思是「比如說」,從字典來查(如https://www.dictionary.com/"i.e."意思是「that is」;"e.g."意思是for example、for the sake of example、such as」。其中爭議比較大的是"i.e."(that is)。

如此差異似乎明確,當用於專利說明書中,對解釋專利範圍而言仍是有解釋上的爭議,從CAFC判決來找,可以得到幾件在討論這個用語差異的判決。

-----------------------------------

- Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2017),判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-1729.Opinion.4-13-2017.1.PDF



解釋專利範圍的規則是,Claim一般用語的解釋,並參考內部證據,包括說明書、圖式內容,以及答辯歷史產生的解釋(禁反言原則),這裡引用Edwards案與Abbott案,使用"i.e."用於定義用語為所指涉的內容,也表示專利權人使用"i.e."是"明確定義"為接續的解釋(followed by an explanatory phrase)。



使用"i.e.",根據審查歷史,就看"i.e."的上下文是否建立「明確與無誤」的「請求項範圍的否決(disavowal of claim scope)」(應該指禁反言),在Braintree案中,因為專利權人向審查委員解釋「進一步限制」,使得有關"i.e."的上下文強烈支持「"i.e."定義"不同樣式(different types)"的限制」的解釋。

Braintree Labs., Inc. v. Novel Labs., Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2014),判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/13-1438.Opinion.4-18-2014.1.PDF

Braintree案中,我看到的是,即便專利說明書使用了「i.e.」用語,但如果沒有明確而無誤地否決專利範圍(not a clear and unmistakable disavowal),並不會改變以專利範圍用語的一般意思(plain meaning)的解釋。



-----------------------------------

一般來說,使用"e.g."是用來「舉例來說」,發明人並不會以"e.g."之後跟隨的內容來限制"e.g."之前的用語,在Interval Licensing LLC案中,同樣地,法院拒絕使用"e.g."的句子作為唯一的定義。

但是,若以"i.e."來取代"e.g.",就可能是提供明確的定義。



Interval Licensing LLC v. AOL, LLC. (Fed. Cir. 2014)判決:(連結更新 Oct. 14, 2025)
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/13-1282.Opinion.9-9-2014.1.PDF

-----------------------------------

- TF3 Ltd. v. Tre Milano, LLC, Appeal 2016-2285 (Fed. Cir. July 13, 2018),判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-2285.Opinion.7-13-2018.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/dbbi6114y0l0auly7kur50v1733eywt9

案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:TF3 LIMITED
被上訴人/IPR異議人:TRE MILANO, LLC
系爭專利:US8,651,118 (IPR2015-00649)
判決日:July 13, 2018

本案緣起TRE對系爭專利提起IPR,案件經PTAB啟始後(institution),經上訴CAFC後,CAFC法官對於PTAB過廣解釋專利範圍而超過說明書內容的決定提出不同意見。

系爭專利US8,651,118 關於一種自動捲髮器,其中主要結構元件如細長構件20、主開口24、
第二開口50以及和可移動支座52,



'118案Claim 1界定這個自動捲髮器的結構特徵,有可轉動元件、長形元件、可移動元件,裝置本體的腔體內設有讓頭髮經過的開口,操作裝置讓頭髮通過其中開口產生捲髮的結果。

1. A hair styling device having:
a body defining a chamber adapted to accommodate a length of hair, the chamber having a primary opening through which the length of hair may pass into the chamber;
a rotatable element adapted to engage the length of hair adjacent to the primary opening;
an elongate member around which, in use, the length of hair is wound by the rotatable element, the elongate member having a free end;
the chamber having a secondary opening through which the length of hair may pass out of the chamber, the secondary opening being located adjacent to the free end; and
a movable abutment which can engage the length of hair in use, the movable abutment having an open position in which the length of hair can pass through the secondary opening, and a closed position in which the length of hair is retained within the chamber, wherein the movable abutment is located within one of (i) the secondary opening, (ii) the primary opening, and (iii) a passageway connecting the secondary opening to the primary opening.

爭議的附屬項即進一步界定這個捲髮器中的移動元件與開口的形狀,PTAB啟始時,認為系爭專利相對前案US4,148,330不具新穎性,US4,148,330圖形如下。



以及日本案JP61-10102,幾個重要元件:捲曲元件9,鎖定桿25和頭髮引導臂16,圖案截自判決文如下:



如法院意見,其實從兩件案子的外觀來看,是很不同的,因此PTAB作出系爭專利不具新穎性的「啟始」決定,應該是因為系爭專利申請專利範圍文字的解釋有過廣的嫌疑。

其實,PTAB判斷系爭專利不具新穎性的決定仍是依據專利範圍的描述,其中並未描述如專利權人提出的差異特徵,如頭髮的長度可以通過第二開口,使得在最廣而合理的解釋原則(BRI)下,作出不具新穎性的決定。



CAFC意見:

CAFC法官不同意PTAB過廣的解釋,理由是說明書已經描述捲髮如何從裝置上移開的動作,也就支持專利權人主張頭髮可以通過第二開口的解釋。



這裡就涉及本篇要討論的「i.e.」的影響,PTAB與法院都有見解:



這裡引用Edwards案與SkinMedica案,當"i.e."的使用符合發明人的發明概念,"i.e."就是明確的(definitional)定義,也就是以其指涉的內容為定義。



"The usage “i.e.” (“id est” or “that is”), “signals an intent to define the word to which it refers.”"

"“i.e.” is definitional when it “comports with the inventors’ other uses . . . in the specification and with each and every other reference."

法院重申解釋專利範圍的原則,說明書為最重要的依據:

'118案說明書摘錄:

"Accordingly, as the handle parts 60 and 62 are separated at the end of a styling operation, the abutment 52 automatically moves from the closed position shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 to its open position. It is arranged that the abutment 52 in its open position allows the styled length of hair to pass out of the secondary opening 50, i.e. to slide along the elongate member 20 towards and subsequently off its free end. Little force is required to separate the hair styling device 10 from the length of hair which has been styled, and because the secondary opening 50 is annular and surrounds the elongate member 20 the length of hair is not required to pass any obstruction or otherwise be forced to uncurl during its removal from the hair styling device 10, so that the curvature of the curls created by the device can be substantially maintained."



參考報導:合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html

如此,CAFC認為系爭專利相對引用前案具有新穎性,否決PTAB的啟始決定。

my two cents:
我認為,解釋專利範圍仍有一定的廣度,即便說明書使用了"i.e."用語,只要不要事後(審查過程、法院訴訟中)強調這個用語產生的明確定義效果,有個原則應該是,當i.e.用語明確符合發明人的意思,應該就可用來解釋專利範圍,雖有不同意見,至少上述案例仍支持這個講法。

資料來源:
https://www.hdp.com/blog/2017/04/19/little-words-that-can-make-a-big-difference-i-e-versus-e-g/

https://www.ptabwatch.com/2018/08/federal-circuit-reverses-i-e-overturns-boards-anticipation-decision-due-to-overbroad-claim-construction/

感謝與James Long律師討論得出上述的一些資訊來源。

Ron