在KSR判例產生前,長久以來採用TSM(teaching, suggestion, motivation)測試,針對進步性不足的核駁理由,實務上是需要引用/結合兩件或以上的引證案,一一比對本申請案中請求項的元件,證明前案有教示(teaching)、建議(suggestion)或是與本案有相同或可產生相同的動機(motivation),以證明申請案的請求項範圍為「顯而易見」,主要原因是為了要避免審查委員有後見之明(hindsight bias)。
但是,從KSR的判例來看,美國最高法院(Supreme Court)認為聯邦巡迴法院(Federal Circuit)在一直以來形式化地使用的TSM測試是錯的,這也影響到審查委員提出的引證資料是否確實,或是僅憑主觀判斷進步性。然而,最高法院仍提出幾項判斷「Obviousness」的規則:
- The combination of familiar elements according to known methods is likely to be obvious when it does no more than yield predictable results.
發明中一般元件的結合如果沒有產生超出預期的結果,為顯而易見的技術 - If a person of ordinary skill can implement a predictable variation, 103 likely bars its patentability.
相對於一個發明,如果一般技術人員能實踐可預期的變化時,則不符合103的進步性規定 - One of the ways in which a patent's subject matter can be proved obvious is by noting that there existed at the time of invention a known problem for which there was an obvious solution encompassed by the patent's claims.
發明中的方法之一在發明的時間為已知問題,且明顯有專利範圍包含的解決方案,不能准予專利
When there is a design need or market pressure to solve a problem and there are finite number of identified, predictable solutions, a preson of ordinary skill has good reason to pursue the known options within his or her technical grasp. If this leads to the anticipated success, it is likely the product not of innovation but of ordinary skill and common sense. In that instance the fact that a combination was obvious to try might show that it was obvious under 103.
當一個基於設計需要或是市場壓力而要去解決一個問題的發明,而且具有有限個已確認、可預期的解決方案時,一個具有通常技術者在其能理解的範圍內有理由從事已知的方案,如果產生預期的成功,顯示該產品沒有革新,為一般知識。在此例下,各元件的結合為簡單嘗試,也就不符103進步性的規定。
所以,不同於聯邦巡迴法院的認定,只要有「obvious to try」的事實,已足夠證明顯而易見。(另外,可引用「secondary considerations」克服obvious to try的問題)
以下為引用KSR判例,認為該發明之於一般技術人員為「obvious to try」:
Ron
1 則留言:
您好
想請教關於答辯過程中加入判例或法條作答辯是否更可獲准專利
另外在專利核准之後還沒公告前是否可做大幅度的claim修正, (主權項不變增加多個附屬項)還是需要提出 reissueㄇ??
張貼留言