2015年1月6日 星期二

再領證程序(REISSUE)所基於的"錯誤"討論 - Hoyt Fleming v Escort (Fed. Cir. 2014)

Hoyt Fleming v Escort (Fed. Cir. 2014)討論的事很單純,就是再領證程序(reissue proceeding)上產生的錯誤造成專利無法實施,這可讓想在美國專利獲准後仍可透過修正取得更好請項範圍的申請人參考。

再領證規定與案例討論:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2008/12/251-reissue.html
活用再領證案的範例,再領證後還產生分割案:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/01/divisional-reissue-application.html

AIA之後251條有些微修改,這裡保留追蹤修訂痕跡。專利權人對已核准專利提出再領證程序,理由主要還是因為全部或部分原母案的說明書、圖式瑕疵(error),專利權人可以提出再領證後修正;特別是可以在原母案專利領證後兩年內提出擴大專利範圍的再領證申請案。

35 U.S.C. 251 Reissue of defective patents.
(a) IN GENERAL.--Whenever any patent is, through error without any deceptive intention (但本案以pre-AIA法條為依據), deemed wholly or partly inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective specification or drawing, or by reason of the patentee claiming more or less than he had a right to claim in the patent, the Director shall, on the surrender of such patent and the payment of the fee required by law, reissue the patent for the invention disclosed in the original patent, and in accordance with a new and amended application, for the unexpired part of the term of the original patent. No new matter shall be introduced into the application for reissue.

(b) MULTIPLE REISSUED PATENTS.--The Director may issue several reissued patents for distinct and separate parts of the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon payment of the required fee for a reissue for each of such reissued patents.

(c) APPLICABILITY OF THIS TITLE.--The provisions of this title relating to applications for patent shall be applicable to applications for reissue of a patent, except that application for reissue may be made and sworn to by the assignee of the entire interest if the application does not seek to enlarge the scope of the claims of the original patent or the application for the original patent was filed by the assignee of the entire interest.

(d) REISSUE PATENT ENLARGING SCOPE OF CLAIMS.--No reissued patent shall be granted enlarging the scope of the claims of the original patent unless applied for within two years from the grant of the original patent.


Hoyt Fleming v Escort (Fed. Cir. 2014)案件討論:

Hoyt A. Fleming擁有專利權RE39,038以及RE40,653,特別是這兩件都是再領證(reissue)專利,是有關測速雷達的技術,

系爭專利:
RE39,038
前身是2001年獲准的US6204798,於2003年提出再領證程序,再領證案申請時,修改專利範圍,並將專利請求項從原本專利21項擴展到54項。

此案揭露一種雷達訊號的警報方法,就是提出一種車內測速雷達偵測器,特別是搭配GPS定位系統,也就是偵測器可以利用定位訊號得到車輛的位置、車速與行進方向,這樣就可以準確判斷是否要對雷達訊號警報,避免偵測到無關自己的雷達誤報。

Claim 1:
1. A method, executed by a device having a position, of generating an alert to an incoming radar signal having a frequency and a signal strength, the method comprising the acts of:
(a) detecting the incoming radar signal;
(b) determining the position of the device that detected the incoming radar signal; and
(c) generating an alert if the position of the device is not within a predetermined distance of a predetermined position
Claim 18:
18. A radar detector for alerting an operator of a motor vehicle to an incoming police radar signal comprising:
(a) a microprocessor;
(b) a circuit coupled to the microprocessor for detecting the incoming police radar signal; and
(c) a global positioning system receiver coupled to the microprocessor and operable to provide the microprocessor with data that indicates the position of the radar detector.

RE40,653
此案為前述RE39,038的延續CA案,於2005年提出再領證案,改的幅度更大,刪掉原claims 1-21,新增claims 22-46。

此案揭露一種使用GPS資料的偵測警察(名稱就這樣寫!)雷達的偵測器,這個偵測器安裝在車上,如果偵測到雷達訊號,就發出警報,其中特別是更參照全球定位訊號(GPS data),GPS訊號是判斷出車輛位置、車速、行車方向,不僅是偵測到雷達訊號,還要符合每個位置的速限條件才會警報。其中利用GPS訊號定位雷達偵測器,並以此作為調整警報範圍的依據。

不同的範圍從claim 22開始,請求項範圍相對明確

CAFC案例討論:
案件始於侵權訴訟,Hoyt Fleming對Escort提出侵權訴訟,在地方法院(Idaho)階段,陪審團裁定專利範圍中有部分因為先前技術的關係而專利無效(5項),但是其餘對有效範圍的侵權成立,但是原告專利權人Hoyt Fleming仍不滿,對無效的5項範圍提出上訴;被告Escort等也跟進提出上訴,主張全部專利無效,理由是專利在提出再領證程序並非根據母專利的"error"

案件爭議轉而成為專利權保衛戰,原告提出幾點上訴理由如下,認為陪審團認定專利權無效的理由不充分、先前發明沒有足夠的證據力、先前發明已經被拋棄,證據能力不足。

侵權被告Escort(https://www.escortradar.com/)販售測速雷達裝置。

本篇針對再領證程序的問題討論,被告Escort上訴主張全部專利無效,理由是專利在提出再領證程序並非根據母專利的"error",這個遊走法律邊緣的判斷原則,就看兩照雙方如何爭辯,以及法官的判斷了!

其中討論到專利權人提出再領證程序是否是依據原母案的"錯誤",法官在玩文字遊戲,讓專利權人"後悔"詮釋專利範圍的請求項撰寫方法也都認為是瑕疵/錯誤的一種。
當Escort主張系爭專利不符合再領證應根據原專利中的錯誤的資格,但法官認為,所謂的"錯誤"並非僅限於用筆的失誤,而仍及於撰寫專利時的選擇,這裡的錯誤指的是原專利範圍"錯誤表達發明",或是原專利無法完全表達發明的"錯誤",也就是專利權人可以後悔原專利的寫法,而提出再領證再改寫。

其次是提出再領證程序的動機,比如是專利權人看到市場的發展而決定應該要提出再領證修改專利範圍,結果CAFC法官認為這樣的動機沒有影響提出再領證的資格!

這個結果認定兩件再領證案都合格,爭議回到原本侵權與102/103議題

後語:
再領證案顯然是美國專利的特色之一,雖然有251法規的規定,此案例顯示標準也是十分有彈性,甚至不用因為原母案文字上的"error"才能提出,而是基於原專利無法完全表達發明的"錯誤",不過,專利權人要擔負的就是再一次審查程序的時間與專利性考驗的風險。

資料參考:
http://patentlyo.com/patent/2014/12/proper-reissue-application.html

判決文:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/images/stories/opinions-orders/14-1331.Opinion.12-22-2014.1.PDF

Ron

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