2016年7月6日 星期三

商業成功的答辯要件 - IN RE HUAI-HUNG KAO (Fed. Cir. 2011)

In re Kao案件資訊:
發明人:Huai-Hung Kao, Syosset, NY (US); Anand R. BaichWal, Wappingers Falls, NY (US); Troy McCall, Smyrna, GA (US); David Lee, Chadds Ford, PA (US)
專利權人/申請人:Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
系爭案:11/680,432 ('432)、12/167,859、11/766,740

本篇判決涉及三件專利申請案的專利性,本篇僅討論'432案,因為當USPTO/BPAI以不具備非顯而易見核駁三案,案件經Endo上訴CAFC,CAFC判決表示除了'432案因為缺乏證據外,另兩案都同意BPAI核駁意見。

'432關於一種減輕疼痛用的含有嗎啡/鴉片的藥物方程式,名稱為:嗎啡酮控釋製劑(Oxymorphone controlled release formulations)。但多數這類藥物注入人體後,會被肝臟代謝而降低藥效,因此傳統上需要持續不斷地注入藥物,以維持藥效,不過如此又會產生更多副作用,例如會影響睡眠與精神。

對此,系爭案即提出可以在傳統藥物中加入一種「Oxymorphone」,可以延長藥效,如請求項所載達12小時以上,藥劑如請求項所界定範圍。

多峰(peaks)羥嗎啡酮血藥濃度。


以下為核准後專利範圍,與本爭議案範圍有所差異,本篇係針對其中「商業成功」答辯過程報導。
1. An analgesically effective controlled release pharmaceutical composition with a twelve hour dosing interval in the form of a tablet, comprising oxymorphone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the sole active ingredient in the tablet, and a controlled release delivery system comprising at least one pharmaceutical excipient, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising USP Paddle Method at 50 rpm in 500 ml media having a pH of 1.2 to 6.8 at 37° C., about 15% to about 50%, by weight, of the oxymorphone or salt thereof is released from the tablet at about 1 hour in the test.

19. An analgesically effective controlled release pharmaceutical composition with a twelve hour dosing interval in the form of a tablet, comprising oxymorphone or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the sole active ingredient in the tablet and a controlled release delivery system comprising a hydrophilic material that forms a gel upon exposure to gastrointestinal fluid, wherein upon placement of the composition in an in vitro dissolution test comprising USP Paddle Method at 50 rpm in 500 ml media having a pH of 1.2 to 6.8 at 37° C., about 15% to about 50%, by weight, of the oxymorphone or salt thereof is released from the composition at about 1 hour in the test, about 45% to about 80%, by weight, of the oxymorphone or salt thereof is released from the composition at about 4 hours in the test, and at least about 80%, by weight, of the oxymorphone or salt thereof is released from the composition at about 10 hours in the test.

在USPTO審查階段,審查委員引用前案US5047248('248)認為系爭案不具進步性(非顯而易見),並表示,申請人Endo應擔負證明為何前案不能達成系爭案中的藥效(功效、效率)的舉證責任,對此Endo提出前案因為缺乏了系爭案中某成份,因此前案並不能預期系爭案功效,也就是可以系爭案成份可以產生多峰羥嗎啡酮血藥濃度,使得藥效延長。

Endo更提出與系爭案相關產品Opana® ER在商業上的成功。審查委員核駁,理由是商業上成功的相關產品與系爭案請求項範圍的成份不同(或說不等量),以至於不接受以輔助性因素(secondary consideration)答辯103的意見。

Endo提出訴願,BPAI確認USPTO引用先前技術'248的審查意見,轉而在輔助性因素的進步性答辯意見中,認為Endo雖提出足夠克服顯而易見核駁意見的證據,不過,也是因為商業上成功的產品成份不等同系爭案請求項範圍而又被駁回

Endo繼續上訴CAFC,在CAFC階段,除了討論上述前案'248是否導致系爭案不具非顯而易見外,更著墨於Endo提出的商業上成功的答辯意見。CAFC首先確認前案'248為有效核駁系爭案的前案,當審查意見建立顯而易見性的初步印象後,就換為申請人提出答辯意見。


雖前案'248揭露了系爭案請求項發明,但也無法完全涵蓋,這就形成申請人答辯的機會。爭議圍繞在是否產品Opana® ER成功?是否這個商業成功可以支持系爭案發明的非顯而易見性?

CAFC回應這個問題,認為前述成功的產品與系爭案請求項發明應要證明其中的關聯。



CAFC指示BPAI,在商業上成功的判斷中一個因素:「不可預期結果(Unexpected Results)」,對此CAFC認為不可預期的結果應該要判斷系爭案發明與商業上成功中的不可預期因素並未見於先前技術,

"On remand, the Board, in considering the evidence of unexpected results, should determine whether there is a nexus between the unexpected in vivo concentration profile and aspects of the claimed invention not already present in the prior art. More specifically, for the unexpected in vivo concentration profile of the applicant’s product to have substantial weight, there must be a nexus to some aspect of the claim not already in the prior art, such as the claimed range of dissolution rates, as against other unclaimed prior-art dissolution rates."

對於Endo提出商業上成功的產品Opana® ER,BPAI認為與系爭案請求項發明並不相稱,但是CAFC認為申請人並不需要販售請求項範圍中的每一個可理解的請求項實施例以支撐商業上成功的證據,只要證明相關請求項範圍是被銷售的產品。特別是本篇系爭案涉及的是一些範圍的藥品成份,而BPAI認為請求項發明中「全部的範圍(溶出率範圍)」與商業上成功並沒有建立關聯並不恰當。

"an applicant “need not sell every conceivable embodiment of the claims in order to rely upon evidence of commercial success, so long as what was sold was within the scope of the claims.”"



還有一點是商業上成功的點應該要能區隔先前技術,但BPAI並未作出實際上的判斷。

"in consider-ing the commercial success argument, should make a factual determination as to whether the commercial success of the embodying product resulted from the merits of the claimed invention as opposed to the prior art or other extrinsic factors"


CAFC撤回BPAI對'432的意見,發回重審。

my two cents:
提出商業上成功作為答辯意見的要件有:(1)商業上成功的證據;(2)商業上成功的產品與系爭案專利範圍界定的發明有關連(nexus);(3)商業上成功的因素就是系爭案專利範圍界定的發明,而且是相對前案是新穎的特點,至少要證明是重要因素之一。

本案仍有後續,最後以上討論的'432案還是核准專利,理由可以從PAIR的資料研究得出,也蠻有趣的。

本案經CAFC判決後發回重審,USPTO即以上述'248案作為主要引證案核駁系爭案(2-17-2012),不過之後在3-8-2012撤回這次OA。


更在之後與審查委員的溝通中,提到本篇CAFC法官意見,以及同樣認定系爭案發明與商業上成功的因素沒有關聯。



最後,由於系爭案'432為CA案,自然有先前申請案,審查委員同意申請人回到最初2007年可核准的狀態,也就是可以提出「Terminal Disclaimer」來克服與先前案的簡單差異形成的重複專利問題,最後還是獲准專利。





核准:


參考資料:
http://www.ptab.us/2016/06/kao-dbc.html

CAFC判決:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/10-1307-1308-1309.pdf
https://scholar.google.com.tw/scholar_case?case=11981027409530014743&q=1069

Ron

沒有留言: