案件資訊:
上訴人:DSS TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, INC.
被上訴人:APPLE INC.
系爭專利:US6,128,290(IPR2015-00369, IPR2015-00373)
判決文:March 23, 2018
系爭專利US6,128,290關於一種伺服器與週邊裝置的一種雙向無線通訊技術,彼此之間可以同步數據,具有低功耗與低干擾的特性。如請求項1界定的網路系統,包括伺服器微電腦單元、週邊單元,彼此以低功率、duty cycle的無線通訊連線與同步資訊。
1. A data network system for effecting coordinated operation of a plurality of electronic devices, said system comprising:
a server microcomputer unit;
a plurality of peripheral units which are battery powered and portable, which provide either input information from the user or output information to the user, and which are adapted to operate within short range of said server unit;
said server microcomputer incorporating an RF transmitter for sending commands and synchronizing information to said peripheral units;
said peripheral units each including an RF receiver for detecting said commands and synchronizing information and including also an RF transmitter for sending input information from the user to said server microcomputer;
said server microcomputer including a receiver for receiving input information transmitted from said peripheral units;
said server and peripheral transmitters being energized in low duty cycle RF bursts at intervals determined by a code sequence which is timed in relation to said synchronizing information.
這個1997年申請的系爭專利看來很像是IoT的技術,但在當年代適用於PDA建立的區域網路,到了現在則如普及的區域通訊技術,如IoT、餐廳服務系統。
在Apple提出的IPR階段,基於兩件分別在1991, 1986年申請的先前技術(Natarajan, Neve),PTAB在終判中認為系爭專利中被異議的請求項Claims 1-4, 9, 10為顯而易見。
Natarajan
其中爭議在系爭專利Claim 1的「energized in Low Duty Cycle RF」特徵,這個主要特徵為整個發明運作的核心,但是連專利權人DSS都承認這個特徵已見於Natarajan前案中,但是辯駁Natarajan並非用在基地台的傳輸器上,而是用在終端裝置的省電需求。
PTAB解釋專利範圍時,採用Apple的講法,所述在Natarajan中通訊協定的省電技術就是電池省電的技術,雖是用在終端裝置,但是系爭專利中j微電腦也包含了類似終端裝置的無線通訊的元件,因而認定系爭專利用在基地台的省電技術為顯而易知。
PTAB理由:
“...that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated by Natarajan to apply the same power-conserving techniques to base units as it is disclosed with respect to mobile units, as well as that it would have been within the skill of the ordinarily skilled artisan to do so.” ("The Board noted that, “as the [Supreme] Court explained in KSR, the skilled artisan is ‘a person of ordinary creativity, not an automaton.’”")
DSS上訴CAFC。
本案爭議在「顯而易見性」,如上述爭點,前案用於終端裝置的省電技術是否可以讓相關技術人員可以簡單應用在基地台?
(103法律議題不厭其煩地再說一次,顯而易見就是相關技術人員可以依據前案經輕易修改而達到申請專利的發明)
基礎法律就是35 U.S.C. § 103(a):系爭專利申請專利範圍的整體與先前技術的差異(difference)在發明時間點為相關技術領域技術人員來看為顯而易知(obvious)時,發明就是「顯而易知」。
"A patent is obvious “if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains.” 35 U.S.C. § 103(a)."
就CAFC法官而言,這個法律議題需要許多的前例參考與邏輯判斷,自然產生各種解釋,例如這次就有幾位法官反對最終決定。
這裡提到,即便有許多前例告訴我們如何判斷系爭專利範圍與前案的差異為顯而易見,其中若使用「這個差異是「常識(common sense)」時」,需要注意這些「注意事項」(也是根據一些前案得出的事項,重要!):
“First, common sense is typically invoked to provide a known motivation to combine, not to supply a missing claim limitation.”
所謂「常識(common sense)」是用來評量「結合的動機」,不是用來補足請求項欠缺的內容。
“Second, we have invoked common sense to fill in a missing limitation only when “the limitation in question was unusually simple and the technology particularly straightforward.””
唯有在討論的欠缺的限制很簡單與直接時,才能訴諸「常識」來填補請求項缺乏的內容。
“Third, our cases repeatedly warn that references to ‘common sense’—whether to supply a motivation to combine or a missing limitation—cannot be used as a wholesale substitute for reasoned analysis and evidentiary support, especially when dealing with a limitation missing from the prior art references specified.”
用「常識」評量是否有「結合動機」或「欠缺的內容」,不能取代合理的分析與證據支持,特別是判斷先前技術所欠缺的限制時。
當PTAB評估一般創意「ordinary creativity」取代Arendi所定義的「common sense」時,CAFC並不認同,因為認為本次爭議提到的通訊技術並非「很簡單與直接」,因此不能直接判斷為「常識(common sense)」。
CAFC因此不認同PTAB對這個「議題」認為是「簡單」,認為系爭專利用在基地台(伺服器)的省電技術不同於前案用於終端裝置上的省電技術。另外,也是認為PTAB的分析太過簡單(簡短),因此Apple還補充了arguments。
"As the Board’s claim construction discussion demonstrates, the question of whether a transmitter is “energized in low duty cycle RF bursts” is not an easy one."
不過,CAFC法官認為,即便加入了Apple的爭點,包括專家證詞,都沒有考慮用在終端裝置與基地台有不同的傳輸需求,例如time slot的要求,使得省電考量的時間區間不同。
(這個判決花了幾頁討論通訊技術,這部分可以作為答辯參考,也就是,專利,始終都是技術本質,法律上的判斷需要技術的支持(證據))
「Without “a reasoned explanation that avoids conclusory generalizations,” this was not sufficient.」
CAFC否決PTAB決定。
基於CAFC直接否決PTAB決定,Newman法官並不認同,認為這個證據爭議至少應該是「發回重審」。
"The appropriate action is either (1) to remand for additional explanation, or (2) to decide this question of law. However, the panel majority has neither remanded nor decided the question."
判決文: http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-2523.Opinion.3-22-2018.1.PDF(備份:https://app.box.com/s/05aoy9bmymyy0m63wkl7dy6j6ag4mjv9)
my two cents:
認為某個技術或差異是「常識」,常常是一種「後見之明」,還是需要證據來說。參考報導:後見之明(hindsight)的討論(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/06/hindsight.html)。
討論「常識」,也常常要考量技術的本質,例如本案例討論在基地台與終端裝置上的省電技術有不同的考量,不能說兩者差異為「常識」。
本案教示我們,通訊技術一般不是簡單的!當然,簡單不簡單,或許又是一個嚴格的判斷。
也教示我們如何「用"常識"判斷這個"技術差異"為顯而易見」的標準:當我們隨口說這個技術是「常識」,是因為已經知道一些先前技術,但是,僅能在技術差異是很簡單與直接時,才能直接說是常識,否則需要合理的分析與證據。
- 所謂「常識(common sense)」是用來評量「結合的動機」,不是用來補足請求項欠缺的內容。
- 唯有在討論的欠缺的限制很簡單與直接時,才能訴諸「常識」來填補請求項缺乏的內容。
- 用「常識」評量是否有「結合動機」或「欠缺的內容」,不能取代合理的分析與證據支持,特別是判斷先前技術所欠缺的限制時。
參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/04/evidence-necessary-showing.html
Ron
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