與發明人談案時,有很多時候需要引導發明人描述出「如何(HOW)」辦到這個發明,而不僅是功能、好處與效果,甚至有時提到發明「是甚麼(WHAT)」,可能還不夠。本篇警示我們寫軟體專利的時候,往往會落於功能性表達,要求更嚴肅地寫出如何辦到其中步驟,例如:如何判斷文件格式、如何判斷其中內容是不被允許的...。
案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:GLASSWALL SOLUTIONS LIMITED, GLASSWALL (IP) LIMITED
被告/被上訴人:CLEARSWIFT LTD.
系爭專利:US8,869,283、US9,516,045
判決日:December 20, 2018
本案緣起專利權人Glasswall對被告Clearswift提出侵權告訴,但地方法院判決系爭專利都為抽象概念,不符美國專利法第101條規定的專利適格性規定,Glasswall上訴CAFC。
系爭專利'283關於一種電子文件處理的方法,是要將文件中不要的內容刪除後重建電子文件的技術,根據Claim 1所描述的方法,先接收一電子文件,判斷格式,以根據格式判斷文件內容中允許的部分,之後僅取出這些允許的部分,重建一新的電子文件。這個技術可以排除文件中不允許存在在所屬格式的內容,比如病毒。
1. A method for processing an electronic file to create a substitute electronic file containing only allowable content data, the method comprising:
receiving an electronic file containing content data encoded and arranged in accordance with a predetermined file type;
determining a purported predetermined file type of the received electronic file and an associated set of rules specifying values or range of values of allowable content data;
determining at least an allowable portion of the content data that conforms with the values or range of values specfied in the set of rules corresponding to the determined purported predetermined file type;
extracting, from the electronic file, only the at least an allowable portion of content data;
creating a substitute electronic file in the purported file type, said substitute electronic file containing only the extracted allowable content data;
forwarding the substitute regenerated electronic file only if all of the content data from within the electronic file conforms to the values or range of values specified in the set of rules; and
forwarding the incoming electronic file if a portion, part or whole of the content data does not conform only when the intended recipient of the electronic file has pre-approved the predetermined file type when associated with the sender of electronic file.
判斷是否符合美國專利法第101條規定時,採用Alice判例形成的TWO-STEP測試。在step 1(step 2A)中,討論到系爭專利範圍的內容僅是「功能描述」,而沒有指出實現的方式,判斷僅是一般習知的方式而已。
有關TWO-STEP測試的文章很多,列舉一篇:審查委員所認定的可專利性 - 101筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/07/101.html)
CAFC法官認為專利範圍並沒有揭示如何達到這個發明目的:認為申請專利範圍並沒有提出"如何接收文件"、"如何判斷文件格式"、"如何判斷允許的內容"、"如何取出其中允許的內容"、"如何建立新的文件"、"如何根據預定規則分析內容"、"如何判斷接收不符資料的授權"。
-引用案例-
法官引用案例Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Symantec Corp., 838 F.3d 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2016),其中涉及的專利中方法項也如本次案例為過濾掉不要的內容,當時法院認定專利範圍僅為過濾郵件所用的技術僅是常見手段,而判決專利為抽象概念。
此篇案例的過去報導:判定人類活動、一般電腦功能為抽象概念的案例 - IV v. Symantec (CAFC 2016)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/10/iv-v-symantec-cafc-2016.html)
"CAFC同意地院裁定'142專利僅是如一般實體郵局的實施概念,使得上述請求項涉及人類實作概念,技術並未超越一般目的電腦執行的一般電腦功能,認定為抽象概念的技術。"
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同樣地,法官在本案例也認為申請專利範圍沒有超越一般技術,僅是使用一般目的電腦的動作("generic computer-implemented steps"),與上述案例Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Symantec Corp.如出一轍,因此作出相同的結論:系爭專利範圍涉及過濾電子文件中不允許內容,並沒有超越一般目的電腦實現的步驟,判斷為抽象概念(step 1 of Alice)。
既然不通過step 1(step 2A),還是要檢查step 2(step 2B),法院認為系爭專利範圍過濾不允許內容的技術為通常步驟,沒有超越抽象概念。
結論是,系爭專利權人無法證明系爭專利為新穎而有改善電腦技術的發明,同意地院判決 - 駁回專利權。
補充:
-功能語言與明確性與抽象概念的討論-
這裡提到一個前例O’Reilly v. Morse, 56 U.S. 62 (1853),當時美國最高法院駁回摩斯電報的申請專利範圍第8項,理由是範圍僅描述傳送訊息到遠方,卻沒有任何機器的限制,使得專利範圍過廣而涵蓋到其他先前技術。
最高法院也有案例Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. v. Walker, 329 U.S. 1 (1946),當時法官駁回專利權因為專利範圍僅涉及功能元件,而沒有實施方式。
過去報導:1853年摩斯碼的發明人與專利爭議(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/08/1853.html)
自然也有「正面」的案例,如Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp., 822 F.3d 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2016),此篇告訴我們:改善電腦功能的軟體為可專利標的,可參考過去報導:
Enfish案對軟體可專利性有貢獻卻不能克服前案的阻礙 - Microsoft v. Enfish (Fed. Cir. 2016)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/12/enfish-microsoft-v-enfish-fed-cir-2016.html)
my two cents:
本篇判決有點特別是,將原本涉及112議題的功能性用語連結到35U.S.C. 101議題上,雖覺得怪怪的,但也有前例支持,也教示我們,僅是功能性描述(或是沒有新穎的作法)的申請專利範圍因為僅採用一般(電腦)步驟,讓法官認為發明是「抽象」的!
系爭專利範圍是個很典型的軟體專利的寫法,只是...這樣還是不見得能擋住「專利適格性」的檢驗。
1. A method for processing an electronic file to create a substitute electronic file containing only allowable content data, the method comprising:
...
15. A method for processing an electronic file to create a substitute electronic file containing only allowable content data the method comprising:
...
16. A device for processing an electronic file to create a substitute electronic file containing only allowable content data comprising:
a memory; and
a computer processor in communication with the memory, the processor executes a program stored in said memory to perform the steps of:
...17. A semiconductor device comprising:
a memory for storing computer instructions executable by a computer to perform the steps of:
...19. A network card comprising:
a semiconductor device configured to store computer instructions executable by a computer to perform the steps of:
...
20. A semiconductor device comprising:
...
a memory for storing computer instructions executable by a computer to perform the steps of:
21. A device for processing an electronic file to create a substitute electronic file containing only allowable content data comprising:
...
a memory; and
a computer processor in communication with the memory, the processor executes a program stored on said memory to perform the steps of:
22. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising a computer program executable by a computer to perform the steps of:
...
23. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising a computer program executable by a computer to perform the steps of:
這些「增加篇幅」的專利範圍不是沒有意義,但寫多了...就是套公式...。最近與同事討論這類專利範圍的寫法,如果是基於軟體/方法特徵的裝置、系統、非揮發性記憶體、電腦可讀取飛暫態儲存媒體...,我覺得可以寫,似乎對主張權利有意義,但是"寫獨立項就好",可以不用在基於軟體/方法特徵的裝置後補了看來就不是「硬體特徵」的一堆軟體流程的附屬項。
判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1407.Opinion.12-20-2018.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/fehvpq343tx20vy5fms918ocha8iyzq5)
參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/12/relationship-eligibility-functional.html
Ron