專利權人CUPP的回應是,有部分專利範圍的描述是「security system processor」會傳送訊號到行動裝置,並提到安全系統通過「資料通訊埠」與行動裝置通訊,並設有通訊介面,因此主張行動裝置是在與外部裝置通訊。
CAFC定調,在USPTO的disclaimer並不能約束IPR程序(如同民事法院程序),如同在地院的disclaimer僅能約束在地院的後續審理程序一般。
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美國最高法院於1960年作出「Hoffman v. Blaski, 363 U.S. 335 (1960)」(https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/363/335/)決定,其中針對管轄地變更的限制提出意見。
案件資訊:
議題:是否被告能在地方法院審理訴訟時(主要是針對民事訴訟)基於28 U.S. Code § 1404 轉移案件到原告沒有權利提起告訴的地區?("The instant cases present the question whether a District Court, in which a civil action has been properly brought, is empowered by § 1404 (a) to transfer the action, on the motion of the defendant, to a district in which the plaintiff did not have a right to bring it.")
判決日:June 13, 1960
美國最高法院在"Hoffman v. Blaski, 363 U.S. 335 (1960)"案中,指出,根據28 U.S.C. § 1404(a),一件在地方法院審理的民事案件,即便基於被告提出的請求,仍不被允許轉移案件到原告無權提起告訴的地方法院!
這裡提到,(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)規定的"where it might have been brought"並不能解釋為在被告同意下可以重新提起(rebrought)訴訟的地區;(b) 在相同法條下,地方法院可以轉移案件到其他地院的權力並不是根基於被告的希求或是放棄主張,而是基於被轉移的法院是原告可以提起訴訟的地方法院。
因此,即便被告有權提起案件轉移的請求,但是還是要轉移到原告也有權興訟的地區。
最高法院意見:https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/363/335/
Hoffman v. Blaski, 363 US 335 - Supreme Court 1960(全文):https://scholar.google.com.tw/scholar_case?case=15345056117313717082&q=Hoffman+v.+Blaski,+363+U.S.+335+(1960)&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_vis=1
Ron
If the application under examination is the later-filed application, or both applications are filed on the same day, only a one-way determination of distinctness is needed in resolving the issue of double patenting, i.e., whether the invention claimed in the application would have been anticipated by, or an obvious variation of, the invention claimed in the patent. See, e.g., In re Berg, 140 F.3d 1438, 46 USPQ2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (the court applied a one-way test where both applications were filed the same day). If a claimed invention in the application would have been obvious over a claimed invention in the patent, there would be an unjustified timewise extension of the patent and a nonstatutory double patenting rejection is proper. See MPEP § 804, subsection II.B.2.(a) above.
Similarly, even if the application under examination is the earlier-filed application, only a one-way determination of distinctness is needed to support a double patenting rejection in the absence of a finding: (A) that "the PTO is solely responsible for any delays" in prosecution of the earlier-filed application (In re Hubbell, 709 F.3d 1140, 1150, 106 USPQ2d 1032, 1039 (Fed. Cir. 2013); and (B) that the applicant could not have filed the conflicting claims in a single (i.e., the earlier-filed) application ( In re Kaplan, 789 F.2d 1574, 229 USPQ 678 (Fed. Cir. 1986)).
If the patent is the later-filed application, the question of whether the timewise extension of the right to exclude granted by a patent is justified or unjustified must be addressed. A two-way test is to be applied only when the applicant could not have filed the claims in a single application and the Office is solely responsible for any delays.In re Berg, 46 USPQ2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1998) ("The two-way exception can only apply when the applicant could not avoid separate filings, and even then, only if the PTO controlled the rates of prosecution to cause the later filed species claims to issue before the claims for a genus in an earlier application . . . In Berg’s case, the two applications could have been filed as one, so it is irrelevant to our disposition who actually controlled the respective rates of prosecution."); In re Hubbell, 709 F.3d 1140, 106 USPQ2d 1032 (Fed. Cir. 2013)("[P]rosecution choices resulted in the foreseeable consequence that the ′685 patent issued before the application claims on appeal. Given these circumstances, and because it is undisputed that the PTO was not solely responsible for the delay, Hubbell is not entitled to a two-way obviousness analysis." 709 F.3d at 1150, 106 USPQ2d at 1039.); see also In re Goodman, 11 F.3d 1046, 29 USPQ2d 2010 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (applicant’s voluntary decision to obtain early issuance of claims directed to a species and to pursue prosecution of previously rejected genus claims in a continuation is a considered election to postpone by the applicant and not administrative delay). Unless the record clearly shows administrative delay caused solely by the Office and that applicant could not have avoided filing separate applications, the examiner may use the one-way distinctness determination and shift the burden to applicant to show why a two-way distinctness determination is required.
When making a two-way distinctness determination, where appropriate, it is necessary to apply the obviousness analysis twice, first analyzing the obviousness of the application claims in view of the patent claims, and then analyzing the obviousness of the patent claims in view of the application claims. Where a two-way distinctness determination is required, a nonstatutory double patenting rejection based on obviousness is appropriate only where each analysis leads to a conclusion that the claimed invention is an obvious variation of the invention claimed in the other application/patent. If either analysis does not lead to a conclusion of obviousness, no double patenting rejection of the obviousness-type is made, but this does not necessarily preclude a nonstatutory double patenting rejection based on equitable principles. In re Schneller, 397 F.2d 350, 158 USPQ 210 (CCPA 1968).
Although a delay in the processing of applications before the Office that causes patents to issue in an order different from the order in which the applications were filed is a factor to be considered in determining whether a one-way or two-way distinctness determination is necessary to support a double patenting rejection, it may be very difficult to assess whether the administrative process is solely responsible for a delay in the issuance of a patent. On the one hand, it is applicant who presents claims for examination and pays the issue fee. On the other hand, the resolution of legitimate differences of opinion that must be resolved in an appeal process or the time spent in an interference proceeding can significantly delay the issuance of a patent. Nevertheless, the reasons for the delay in issuing a patent have been considered in assessing the propriety of a double patenting rejection. Thus, in Pierce v. Allen B. DuMont Laboratories, Inc., 297 F.2d 323, 131 USPQ 340 (3d. Cir. 1961), the court found that administrative delay may justify the extension of patent rights beyond 17 years but "a considered election to postpone acquisition of the broader [patent after the issuance of the later filed application] should not be tolerated." In Pierce, the patentee elected to participate in an interference proceeding [after all claims in the application had been determined to be patentable] whereby the issuance of the broader patent was delayed by more than 7 years after the issuance of the narrower patent. The court determined that the second issued patent was invalid on the ground of double patenting. Similarly, in In re Emert, 124 F.3d 1458, 44 USPQ2d 1149 (Fed. Cir. 1997), the court found that the one-way test is appropriate where applicants, rather than the Office, had significant control over the rate of prosecution of the application at issue. In support of its finding that the applicants were responsible for delaying prosecution of the application during the critical period, the court noted that the applicants had requested and received numerous time extensions in various filings. More importantly, the court noted, after initially receiving an obviousness rejection of all claims, applicants had waited the maximum period to reply (6 months), then abandoned the application in favor of a substantially identical continuation application, then received another obviousness rejection of all claims, again waited the maximum period to reply, and then again abandoned the application in favor of a second continuation application substantially identical to the original filing. On the other hand, in General Foods Corp. v. Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH, 972 F.2d 1272, 23 USPQ2d 1839 (Fed. Cir. 1992), the court did not hold the patentee accountable for a delay in issuing the first-filed application until after the second-filed application issued as a patent, even where the patentee had intentionally refiled the first-filed application as a continuation-in-part after receiving a Notice of Allowance indicating that all claims presented were patentable. Where, through no fault of the applicant, the claims in a later-filed application issue first, an obvious-type double patenting rejection is improper, in the absence of a two-way distinctness determination, because the applicant does not have complete control over the rate of progress of a patent application through the Office. In re Braat, 937 F.2d 589, 19 USPQ2d 1289 (Fed. Cir. 1991). While acknowledging that allowance of the claims in the earlier-filed application would result in the timewise extension of an invention claimed in the patent, the court in Braat was of the view that the extension was justified under the circumstances, indicating that a double patenting rejection would be proper only if the claimed inventions were obvious over each other — a two-way distinctness determination.
Ron
本篇討論前一篇( ABC Corp. I v. Schedule "A" (Fed. Cir. 2022))討論設計專利侵權案例中對於"禁制令"發出的引用案例 - "International Rectifier Corp. v. IXYS Corp., 383 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2004)"。
案件資訊:
原告/專利權人:International Rectifier Corporation ("IR")
侵權被告:IXYS Corporation ("IXYS")
系爭專利:US6,476,481
判決日:Oct 20, 2004
系爭專利獲准當天,原告IR對被告IXYS提出侵權告訴,IXYS並沒有否認侵權,而是去修改被告侵權產品,間接承認原本的半導體元件設計有侵權的問題,IXYS反擊的重點是質疑原告提出的永久禁制令(permanent injunction)請求。地方法院判決是同意原告IR請求,發出永久禁制令的簡易判決。(根據判決書提到IR同時提起其他9件訴訟,推論系爭專利算是有點分量)
系爭專利US6,476,481關於可加強電容量的MOSFET半導體元件。
1. A semiconductor device of increased current capacity without an increased size; said semiconductor device comprising a semiconductor device die; a plurality of bonding wires; a die mounting pad and a plurality of parallel spaced external conductors; at least one of said parallel spaced external conductors having a first bond wire post at one end thereof; the bottom of said die being fixed to the top surface of said die mounting pad; a plurality of said bonding wires being bonded at one end thereof to the top surface of said die and at the other end thereof to said bond wire post; a plastic housing for enclosing said die; said plurality of spaced conductors extending from the interior of said plastic housing, through a side wall of said housing to the exterior of said housing; the laterally outermost two of said plurality of spaced external conductors being reentrantly bent and penetrating said side wall of said housing so that said laterally outermost two conductors will have a greater spacing at said side wall than at their free ends thereby increasing the creepage distance along the surface of said side wall.
地方法院階段,特別的是,IXYS並未否認原本的產品侵害了系爭專利的範圍,但是提出改良版,原告IR也沒有因此修改訴狀而針對改良後的被告侵權產品,IXYS也撤回對IR系爭專利提出無效與不可執行(unenforceable)主張權利的辯護主張。
如此,原告IR在其訴訟主張中,因為IXYS承認的侵權產品為少量,IR表示願意對少量侵權行為放棄蓄意侵權或是損害賠償的主張,僅請求地院作出侵權判決,但是其中有個陷阱,伴隨著一個永久禁制令的命令:(1)系爭專利有效,而可執行;(2)IXYS特定數量的產品侵權成立;(3)IXYS相關人員被通知禁令。
IXYS提出限制性的反對意見(limited opposition),反對上述禁制令可以針對未來的侵權行為,表示禁制令涵蓋的範圍過廣,違反Rule 65(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure。
Rule 65. Injunctions and Restraining Orders(https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_65)
...
(d) Contents and Scope of Every Injunction and Restraining Order.(禁制令的內容)
(1) Contents. Every order granting an injunction and every restraining order must:
(A) state the reasons why it issued;(應說明為何發出禁制令)
(B) state its terms specifically; and(應明確指出禁制的項目)
(C) describe in reasonable detail—and not by referring to the complaint or other document—the act or acts restrained or required.(以合理的細節描述被禁的行為或被要求的行為)
(2) Persons Bound.
The order binds only the following who receive actual notice of it by personal service or otherwise: (A) the parties; (B) the parties’ officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys; and (C) other persons who are in active concert or participation with anyone described in Rule 65(d)(2)(A) or (B).
(以下截圖是2004年判決摘錄的)
IXYS主張禁制令應僅針對最初被告的產品,並認為,如果IR認為經過修改的設計仍侵權,應該提起另一侵權訴訟,IXYS也保留提起不侵權主張、系爭專利無效以及無法執行的反訴權利。
但地方法院否決IXYS主張,並對IXYS產品(不分原本或是修改後的)發出永久禁制令。
CAFC階段:
根據Rule 65(d),CAFC的態度是,此法條就是要避免過廣的永久禁制令(永遠被禁!),特別是避免涵蓋到"未來"侵權的行為。
對於原告IR而言,認為禁制令中沒有必要明確用文字限制侵權的裝置,認為聯邦法條已經解釋禁制令的限制。但就CAFC而言,這樣的禁制令是有瑕疵並違反Rule 65(d),認為地院發出禁制令並不符合"聯邦民事訴訟規則(Federal Rule of Civil Procedure)Rule 65(d)"規定,CAFC否決地院發出的永久禁制令,發回重審要求地院針對適當的範圍發出禁制令。
判決文:https://casetext.com/case/international-rectifier-corp-v-ixys-corp
Ron