前言:
當獲准專利後,美國專利法還提供再領證申請案,申請人可以根據35U.S.C.251(d)規定修改原來專利範圍,甚至可以在原申請案獲准後兩年內放大專利範圍。然而,再領證案仍是受到原來母案申請專利範圍的約束,不能脫離原來發明的焦點。
(d) REISSUE PATENT ENLARGING SCOPE OF CLAIMS.—No reissued patent shall be granted enlarging the scope of the claims of the original patent unless applied for within two years from the grant of the original patent.
可參考過去報導 - 再領證程序不宜改變原案的焦點 - Antares Pharma v. Medac Phama (Fed. Cir. 2014)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/11/antares-pharma-v-medac-phama-fed-cir.html)
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案件資訊:
上訴人:IN RE: FLOAT'N'GRILL LLC
系爭申請案:再領證申請案:16/110,448,application for reissue of US9,771,132(PTAB No. 16/110,448)
判決日期:July 12, 2023
本案涉及法條:
35 U.S. Code § 112 - SPECIFICATION
(b) Conclusion.— The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
35 U.S.C. 251 REISSUE OF DEFECTIVE PATENTS
(a) IN GENERAL.—Whenever any patent is, through error, deemed wholly or partly inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective specification or drawing, or by reason of the patentee claiming more or less than he had a right to claim in the patent, the Director shall, on the surrender of such patent and the payment of the fee required by law, reissue the patent for the invention disclosed in the original patent, and in accordance with a new and amended application, for the unexpired part of the term of the original patent. No new matter shall be introduced into the application for reissue.
系爭申請案為US9,771,132的再領證申請案(reissue application),案件經PTAB駁回理由是"沒有涵蓋原申請案揭露的發明"。
原申請案'132關於一種可以漂在水上的烤肉架,主體是一個漂浮裝置20、一對烤肉支撐架46, 48、底部的桿子50等結構,發明特徵是有多個磁鐵60裝在上支撐桿52中間段58上,可以裝上可攜式戶外烤肉架。
'132案的claim 1主要是描述申請案中唯一實施例(如以上描述),特徵至少包括"多個設置於上支撐桿上中間段上的磁鐵",以及可以安裝平底可攜式烤肉架,看來申請人並不滿足這樣"太準確"描述唯一實施例的專利範圍,雖沒有遭遇核駁而直接獲准,但申請人想要提出再領證案的動機可想而知的是想要取得更廣一些的專利範圍。
再領證申請案提出的專利範圍中"移除了上述多個磁鐵"的限制,取代的是可在漂浮裝置上安裝可移除式的烤肉架的特徵,如下:
USPTO審查委員駁回本再領證申請案,理由是"再領證申請案在其揭露中包括多個磁鐵,而且是重要的技術特徵(prima facie apparent that the magnets are a critical element
of the invention),這些磁鐵明顯非選擇的特徵(optional feature of the invention)",不能沒有磁鐵,也不能只有一個,也不能寫成"磁性連結(magnetically attach to)"等隱晦的寫法,判定再領證申請案專利範圍沒有受到說明書支持,違反35 U.S.C. § 251。
PTAB確認USPTO審查結果,申請人上訴CAFC。
CAFC階段:
法院引用前例(事實上引用了許多前例) - Antares Pharma v. Medac Phama (Fed. Cir. 2014),再領證案申請專利範圍必須涉及原母案揭露的發明,也就是不宜改變原案的焦點("reissue claims must be directed to “the invention disclosed in the original patent.”")。
上述引用前例引述美國最高法院1942年判例 - U.S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc. v. Carbide & Carbon Chemicals, Corp.意旨:
"參考1942年最高法院的判例(US Industrial Chem v. Carbide & Carbon Chem, 315 U.S. 668 (1942)),最高法院認為再領證後的專利應該是在原獲准專利的發明範疇內,甚至是相同發明,因此再領證原意應該只是讓專利權人可以適當調整/更正專利範圍,而非重新修改為一個新的發明,即便仍是原說明書所支持的範圍。
"...the same invention described and claimed and intended to be secured by the original patent...""
相較於本次系爭案說明書僅提出一個實施例,再領證申請案還更嚴格地規範能夠主張的專利範圍,也就是即便原說明書內容有支持,但仍可能不符合35 U.S.C. 251的規定。根據251條分析再領證申請案時,基於原申請案的發明,判斷表面上是否將發明明確地描述在再領證申請案專利範圍中?
如本次系爭再領證案,申請人想要擴大專利範圍,而會去涵蓋到說明書表面上沒有揭露可提供選擇的特徵上,如系爭案中的"多個磁鐵",法院同樣判斷這些磁鐵是發明必須、重要的特徵,系爭再領證申請案專利範圍不能忽略這些特徵。
"In each of these cases, the focus of the § 251 analysis was on the invention disclosed in the original patent and whether that disclosure, on its face, explicitly and unequivocally described the invention as recited in the reissue claims. As relevant to this appeal, we hold that reissue claims broadening a limitation to cover undisclosed alternatives to a particular feature appearing from the face of the original specification to be a necessary, critical, or essential part of the invention, do not meet the original patent requirement of § 251."
主要問題是,原母案沒有提供"沒有磁鐵"的其他選擇,在"相對嚴格"的再領證程序中,不能擴大專利範圍到說明書沒有提供選擇的範圍。
CAFC同意PTAB裁決。
(編按,如果原母案說明書撰寫時補充一句話,除了磁鐵以外,亦可運用其他固定方式,如...,應該就有機會照申請人想要的那樣。)
my two cents:
照這樣講,若要通過再領證申請程序擴大專利範圍,除了需要受到說明書支持外,特別是那些被視為重要的特徵,如果說明書沒有支持這些特徵是可選擇,就不能忽略這些特徵。如此,撰寫專利說明書時,描述多個可能的實施方案有助於解釋專利範圍外,也可能讓日後可能會提出的再領證案有機會放大專利範圍。
只一個專利範圍是有點"危險"的,雖然在美國審查階段時,一般實務仍讓申請人取得可以超越實施例而較廣的專利範圍,但顯然在再領證程序中有更嚴格的要求,這是十分合理的,因為顧及公眾利益。
CAFC判決:http://cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/22-1438.OPINION.7-12-2023_2156183.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/i89821ci0s9j2n2srpi70x3on7d7najk)
Ron
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