潘榮恩專利部落格、專利實務、專利筆記與Linux
enpan's Patent & Linux practice
(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/, http://enpan.blogspot.com/)
(接受委託安排課程)
ronpan@gmail.com,
enpan@msn.com
2026年1月31日 星期六
台灣人如何申請PCT案 - 筆記
2026年1月28日 星期三
「否定進步性之因素」之「複數引證的結合動機」筆記
2026年1月27日 星期二
"about"影響兩件專利的衝突(interference)爭議 - General Hospital Corp. v. Sienna Biopharmaceuticals (CAFC 2018)
Sienna的'941沒有定義"about",但PTAB考慮專家證詞大約是"10%"的解釋,然而GHC卻沒有任何內外證據的支持包括「正負20% variation」,因此,就GHC而言,只能反對Sienna解釋"about"在最廣而合理的解釋下為「within 10%」的解釋,卻沒有其他足以支持自己解釋的證據,系爭申請案專利範圍claims 65-67面臨不符合35U.S.C.112說明書支持的問題,因此也就無法證明兩件專利案有衝突(interference)。
2026年1月20日 星期二
筆記「專利標示影響侵權行為造成的損害判決」- Ortiz & Associates Consulting, LLC v. Vizio, Inc. (Fed. Cir. Dec. 17, 2025)
針對被告以上主張,Ortiz修改訴狀,Vizio仍是表示Ortiz並沒有符合35U.S.C.287專利標示的要求,要求撤銷訴訟。地方法院找到兩個撤銷訴訟的理由,可參考前篇。理由之一是,之前Ortiz曾對Panasonic提起侵權訴訟,後來雙方和解,和解理由"應該"是「Panasonic同意取得Ortiz專利授權,並需要在其商品上標示專利」,據此觸發Ortiz有責任努力確保專利產品標示專利,然而,基於前次訴訟的要求,顯然Ortiz並未盡責,因此讓地院有理由撤銷訴訟。(Ortiz澄清和解協議僅涉及過去侵權的產品,並沒有對未來產品達成授權協議,即便如此,地院意見仍是有意義的!)
專利標示(或是通知對方有侵權事實)等措施在主張損害賠償是必要的:
"configured to"或是"configured for"解釋為"capable of" - In re Blue Buffalo Enterprises, Inc. (Fed. Cir. Jan. 14, 2026)
In re Blue Buffalo Enterprises, Inc., No. 2024-1611 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 14, 2026)
專利申請人/上訴人:IN RE: BLUE BUFFALO ENTERPRISES, INC.
PTAB訴願案,專利申請案:No. 17/136,152
判決日期:January 14, 2026
案件源起專利申請案No. 17/136,152在USPTO因為顯而易見(35U.S.C.103)而被駁回,案件進PTAB,仍以相同理由駁回申請案,案件上訴CAFC。
系爭申請案'152關於一種寵物濕食品包裝容器,容器包括可以變形的牆的儲存區域,用以將食物推出,容器底部設計為可以打碎或嫩化食物的凸起結構。
Claim 1如下,描述一個包裝食物產品,具有容器,如上描述,以及儲存區域中的食物產品。容器側牆的設計是可被手變形以減少儲存區域的體積(“configured to be readily deformable by a hand of a user to reduce a volume of the storage area”),讓食物產品可被容器底部的凸起結構處理,這部分凸起結構包括多個間隔凸起物,用以打碎與嫩化從儲存區域移出的食物產品("...l spaced projections configured for use in breaking up and/or tenderizing the food product ...")。
系爭案被指不具非顯而易見性,主要引證前案是US2004/0089583(Coleman):
在上訴意見中,專利申請人Blue Buffalo主張PTAB錯誤解釋Claims中的"configured to"與"configured for"等用語為"capable of (performing the recited function)",中文理解為"能執行特定功能"的意思,如以上引用Claim 1中"configured to be readily deformable"以及"configured for use in ...",都僅是說明"能夠變形"或是"能使用於"等解釋。
就專利申請人的觀點,"configured to"應解釋“涵蓋特別設計執行所述功能”,而非“僅能...” - 申請人的目的是希望專利範圍能夠解釋為特定限制條件,希望用較窄的解釋克服103的駁回意見。專利申請人引用前例「In re Giannelli (Fed. Cir. 2014)」- In re Giannelli,當說明書內容清楚使用"adapted to"作為限制條件,"adapted to"就限制了相關機構的請求項範圍;以及「Aspex Eyewear, Inc. v. Mar- chon Eyewear, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2012)」- "adapted to"可以涵蓋更廣的範圍,甚至比"configured to"還廣;且"configured to"的描述還需要結構上的支撐;面對前案僅功能性對應的核駁理由,不錯的答辯方式是利用"configured to"以及所描述的結構。
可參考:
- "adapted to"的功能效力應基於說明書所揭露的發明(design intention)(about Claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/02/adapted-todesign-intentionabout-claims.html)
- "adapted to"用法如何?前言效力如何?(about Claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/01/adapted-to.html)
申請人解釋"configured to"為"specifically designed to"。
CAFC法官並不認同Blue Buffalo的主張與引用前例,原因是,前例主要討論的是"adapted to"用語,而非本案所要討論的configured to/for。但判決中也算是複習了這兩件前案提供的教示。
以下節錄內容可知,本案上訴人引用前例指出"adapted to"都是基於專利說明書的描述來解釋,相對是較窄的解釋。
事與願違,Blue Buffalo希望"configured to / for"的解釋可以較窄,但是法院指出前例講的與本案不同,因此前例不適用本案,並無法證明本案不能解釋為"capable of"(相對較廣的解釋),因此駁回Blue Buffalo的主張,維持PTAB對於"configured to/for"的解釋 - "capable of"。
如此,就捍衛專利有效性的目的而言,將專利範圍解釋太廣確實不太有利,使得CAFC法官確認PTAB認為系爭案不具非顯而易見性的決定。
my two cents:
一些學習(解釋專利範圍中的用語,說明書的支持很關鍵):
- "當說明書內容清楚使用"adapted to"作為限制條件,"adapted to"就限制了相關機構的請求項範圍"。
- "adapted to"可以涵蓋更廣的範圍,甚至比"configured to"還廣。
- "configured to"的描述需要結構上的支持。
- 不錯的答辯方式是利用"configured to"以及所描述的結構。
- configured to / for解釋為"capable of"。
判決文:https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/24-1611.OPINION.1-14-2026_2632686.pdf
Ron
2026年1月15日 星期四
引用「圖式或說明書段落」的請求項撰寫規定 - 筆記
範例一:
列舉專利範圍中引用的圖一(A)如下,對照專利範圍是要描述其中「四只獨立感測元件」
範例:
2026年1月9日 星期五
process與product(不同類別)的專利性關聯 - 歐洲T 119/82
不同類別專利範圍相互依附的明確性議題
本篇討論「相互引用不同類別專利範圍的明確性議題」,本案副標題可為「系統引用方法項的引用式請求項」是否明確?
對於軟體發明,確實會用"a system performing the method according to claim 1"這類寫法,有時會被認同,依實情而定,核駁理由自然是因為不明確(112(b)),就"system"而言,總要界定出該有的結構。依照以下列舉範例,也常常被用到,但建議仍要界定出系統的結構或其周邊特徵。
以下範例可以得出一些寫法,主流的寫法是描述系統執行前項方法(方法特徵應為該發明主要特徵),但仍描述系統的結構。
範例一:US12227070
7. A system for displaying a warning message to warn of insufficient available drive power for use in an electric vehicle, the system performing the method according to claim 1, the system comprising:
a detector to detect measurement values for determining a latest output of an energy storage device of the electric vehicle;
a processor to determine a latest peak output and/or continuous output of the energy storage device based on the detected measurement values and for comparison of the latest peak output and/or continuous output with a threshold value of the peak output and/or continuous output; and
a display to display a warning message when the peak output and/or continuous output falls below the threshold value.
範例二:US11798026
11. A system for evaluating advertising effects of video content, the system performing the method according to claim 1 and comprising:
a display configured to display the video content comprising the character to the viewer;
a camera configured to capture a face of the viewer;
an image capturing unit configured to capture the video content;
an image analysis unit configured to extract the face areas of the character and the viewer from the images from the camera and the image capturing unit;
a micro-movement analysis unit configured to extract respective pieces of the facial micro-movement data (MMD) from the face areas of the character and the viewer, and analyze the similarity of the pieces of MMD of the character and the viewer; and
an advertising evaluation unit configured to evaluate advertising effects on the basis of the similarity.
範例三:US12417849
15. A system performing the method according to claim 1.
16. A non-transitory computer program stored in a computer-readable recording medium for executing the method according to claim 1.
範例四:US9208576
24. A robot or land, air, sea or space vehicle equipped with a system, including a depth estimation, motion estimation, object detection and/or object tracking system, performing the method according to claim 3, the system comprising at least one camera configured for depth estimation and a computing unit.
26. A vehicle with a driver assistance system performing the method according to claim 3 in order to compute a depth estimation value for at least one object in the input field of a stereo camera of the vehicle.
27. A computer program product embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, said computer program product comprising software code portions being configured, when run on a processor, to perform the method according to claim 3.
範例五:US11566991
12. A device performing the method according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises at least two devices for sampling airborne particles and measurement of optical absorbance at any wavelength from 370 nm to 950 nm, and a computer for calculation of mineral dust concentration in any time point or sequence of time points.
經查範例五(16/999,874)的審查歷史,於申請時claims 11, 12如下:
Claim 11算大膽地使用"a device performing the method according to claim 1."結果審查意見認為這樣的範圍沒有邊界,裝置專利範圍沒有結構特徵,不清楚其中功能是否需要一些結構,或是僅是裝置運作的結果?
申請人很直覺反應地將Claim 12的結構描述併入Claim 11,MPEP 2173.05(d)
MPEP 2173.05(d) Exemplary Claim Language ("for example," "such as")
Description of examples or preferences is properly set forth in the specification rather than the claims. If stated in the claims, examples and preferences may lead to confusion over the intended scope of a claim. In those instances where it is not clear whether the claimed narrower range is a limitation, a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph should be made. The examiner should analyze whether the metes and bounds of the claim are clearly set forth. Note that the mere use of the phrase "such as" or "for example" in a claim does not by itself render the claim indefinite.
(上述規定字面上很寬容,專利範圍使用"such as"或是"for example"本身並非造成專利範圍不明確,以下範例顯示MPEP用反證證明規定的寬容~ 實務上是不太會刻意挑戰審委底線。)
Examples of claim language which have been held to be indefinite because the intended scope of the claim was unclear are:
- (A) "R is halogen, for example, chlorine";
- (B) "material such as rock wool or asbestos" Ex parte Hall, 83 USPQ 38 (Bd. App. 1949);
- (C) "lighter hydrocarbons, such, for example, as the vapors or gas produced" Ex parte Hasche, 86 USPQ 481 (Bd. App. 1949);
- (D) "normal operating conditions such as while in the container of a proportioner" Ex parte Steigerwald, 131 USPQ 74 (Bd. App. 1961); and
- (E) "coke, brick, or like material". Ex parte Caldwell, 1906 C.D. 58 (Comm’r Pat. 1906).
The above examples of claim language which have been held to be indefinite are fact specific and should not be applied as per se rules. See MPEP § 2173.02 for guidance regarding when it is appropriate to make a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.
Ron
2026年1月8日 星期四
間接侵權的案例筆記 - 經典的Commil、Global-Tech與學名藥侵權事件
- 對於「引誘侵權的責任」,如果被告已知該專利的存在,引誘侵權成立,無關於被告的心意(mental state);引誘侵權(induced infringement)與輔助侵權(contributory infringement)成立的要件都是「已知專利存在」,不是認為專利無效就可以排除;
- 「引誘侵權」成立的條件之一是知道相關被引誘行為會造成專利侵權的結果,此案中,Cisco顯然知道相關侵權行為;更者,即便不知道,Cisco也應有義務知道此造成引誘或輔助侵權的行為;
- 「引誘侵權」與「專利有效性」為兩個分別議題,有不同的法律,專利無效的認知無法排除引誘侵權的事實。當然,一旦專利被判無效,侵權議題也自然消失,這要先要走在「專利有效推定」的原則上,另提無效程序;另,當被告面對侵權訴訟時,可應用法院審理中的簡易判決來主張專利無效,這很有效率(本案例Cisco提出無效再審,不過專利權仍有效);
- 地方法院判斷賠償金時,有權與責任確認是否侵權訴訟為一些公司使用專利權獲利的手段,這是最高法院的提醒。
“In referring to a party that “induces infringement,” this provision may require merely that the inducer lead another to engage in conduct that happens to amount to infringement, i.e., the making, using, offering to sell, selling, or importing of a patented invention.”
最高法院結論:
誘使侵權要件之一是誘使行為導致侵權;
刻意視而不見專利存在的風險並不滿足誘使侵權;反之,但如果有明白足夠的證據顯示刻意忽視,誘使侵權成立。