一般來說,專利範圍的解釋會先以字面解釋,並以最廣而合理的原則來解釋(BRI),專利說明書則提供支持(或是專利範圍的前言),兩者之間有個平衡點,至少實務上會發現這條界線有點模糊,到底說明書影響專利範圍解釋到甚麼程度?這個議題在訴訟時最為凸顯,面對專利範圍解釋,原告與被告都有各自的立場。
IBM v. Iancu (Fed. Cir. 2019)
專利權人:IBM
系爭專利:US7,631,346(IPR2016-00608、IPR2016-00609)
判決日:April 1, 2019
系爭專利有關使用者驗證方法,使用者只要在第一系統註冊身份,取得識別資訊,之後可用這個識別資訊取得其他系統(第二系統)的認證,使用者不用每次取得一個服務就要一次註冊手續。
說明書中有段描述:"所述"聯盟(federation)"是一個具有鬆散關聯的企業聯盟,企業之間具備相互運作的標準,聯盟提供使用者在企業聯盟中電腦運作間的信任機制"。
"A federation is a loosely coupled affiliation of enterprises which adhere to certain standards of interoperability; the federation provides a mechanism for trust among those enterprises with respect to certain computational operations for the users within the federation."
系爭專利Claim 1界定一個管理使用者在分散資料處理系統中驗證程序的方法,如有第一系統與第二系統,在企業聯盟(兩個不同的企業)的電腦環境("federated computing environment")互動,兩者支持「一次登錄(single-sign-on)」的運作,方法中,先啟動「一次登錄」程序讓使用者存取第二系統的資源,取得資源之前,第二系統要求使用者帳戶資料,以完成一次登錄;接著第二系統自第一系統接收使用者識別符,在第二系統中根據識別符建立使用者帳戶,以順利存取第二系統的資源。
1. A method for managing user authentication within a distributed data processing system, wherein a first system and a second system interact within a federated computing environment and support single-sign-on operations in order to provide access to protected resources, at least one of the first system and the second system comprising a processor, the method comprising;
triggering a single-sign-on operation on behalf of the user in order to obtain access to a protected resource that is hosted by the second system, wherein the second system requires a user account for the user to complete the single-sign-on operation prior to providing access to the protected resource;
receiving from the first system at the second system an identifier associated with the user; and
creating a user account for the user at the second system based at least in part on the received identifier associated with the user after triggering the single-sign-on operation but before generating at the second system a response for accessing the protected resource, wherein the created user account supports single-sign-on operations between the first system and the second system on behalf of the user.
PTAB:
爭議在於,專利範圍是否限定在前言中「federated computing environment(聯盟電腦環境)」?有趣的是,專利權人與IPR異議者都同意這句話限制了專利範圍:兩個企業之間的聯盟讓兩個電腦系統可以合作「單一登錄」。不過,PTAB卻有自己的意見,認為專利範圍並不限於「聯盟內電腦環境」("Board concluded that a federated computing environment “is not limited to enterprises.”"),而能解釋到一般群組,甚至包括一個企業內的兩個電腦系統,特別的是,PTAB考量的先前技術即為一個企業內的兩部電腦形成的驗證系統。
爭議進一步成為,一個企業內的兩部電腦形成的驗證系統是否讀入了系爭專利在「聯盟電腦環境」中形成的驗證方法?特別是PTAB解釋系爭專利是兩個具有單一登錄功能的兩個電腦系統(不一定是不同企業之間)。
PTAB在IPR的決定是,根據最接近先前技術,系爭專利"不具新穎性"。IBM上訴CAFC。
CAFC:
CAFC面對此爭議時,法官考量「先前技術」如何讓系爭專利不具新穎性,標準如前例In re Schreiber案:
部落格報導參考:
- 裝置特徵在結構,並非功能 - In Re Schreiber, 128 F.3d 1473 (Fed. Cir. 1997)案例討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/03/in-re-schreiber-128-f3d-1473-fed-cir.html)
- 單一引證案的顯而易見性核駁討論 - Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., v. SFC Co. Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/09/idemitsu-kosan-co-ltd-v-sfc-co-ltd-fed.html)
CAFC法官認為,按照系爭專利說明書內容,PTAB解釋的專利範圍並不合理。
"We conclude that the Board’s construction is not reasonable in light of the specification."
說明書有段話成為法院判決的主要依據:"所述聯盟為不同實體的集合,如企業、組織、機構,彼此合作提供「單一登錄」的功能",可以讓不同企業之間不用引導、前置建立彼此的關聯。並進一步解釋,這個「聯盟(federation)」不同於典型單一登錄的環境。
"In the context of the present invention, a federation is a set of distinct entities, such as enterprises, organizations, institutions, etc., that cooperate to provide a single-sign-on, ease-of-use experience to a user; a federated environment differs from a typical single-sign-on environment in that two enterprises need not have a direct, pre-established, relationship defining how and what information to transfer about a user."
即便說明書有些段落似乎支持PTAB的解釋,但是法院並不同意。
法院因此認為,申請專利範圍中"federated computing environment"要求的是「多個不同的企業」("...“federated computingenvironment” requires a plurality of distinct enterprises.") ,認為PTAB解釋錯誤。
"We vacate the Sunada IPR decision because it rests on an incorrect claim construction of the “federated computing environment” limitation of all claims at issue, and we remand for further consideration under the correct construction."
CAFC對於IPR2016-00608的決定是發回PTAB以正確的專利範圍解釋進行重審。
(本次不討論另一平行IPR)
my two cents:
本篇結論僅是CAFC認為PTAB錯誤解釋專利範圍中「federation of enterprises」,而不如PTAB結論先前技術揭露了所有系爭專利範圍的所有元件,並不代表系爭專利具備明確差異的技術特徵,這應該是進步性(非顯而易見性)的議題。
看來...專利說明書「處處」是限制,也是機會,要得到好的專利說明書不容易呀!
專利說明書...常用"such as"、"...etc."等列舉的用法,法官對這類用語有些建設性意見:解釋時會判斷是否涵蓋與列舉事項同類型的事物(編按,合理地,such as, etc.等用語就是舉例來說,可以使用,但可以放心在列舉很通常的事物,如果很重要的描述,這樣寫也可能很危險,因為...世事難料)。
"We have recognized that “such as” and “etc.” sometimes have just that meaning. See Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. United States, 561 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (holding that the “rule of ejusdem generis . . . limits the additional [things] included by the general phrase ‘etc.’ to others of the types listed”); United States v. Nichols Copper Co., 29 C.C.P.A. 186, 191 (1941) (holding that “by the use of the words ‘such as’ in the paragraph we are required to determine whether a substance not specifically named in the paragraph is like or similar to, or belongs to the same class as, the substances therein named”)."
關於專利說明書、申請專利範圍的前言對於專利範圍解釋的「效力」,本部落格還是有些可參考的案例,這方面確實不容易有明確的答案,但是一般來說,我會對發明人建議「如果已知有明確的先前技術,本發明僅是改良,需要有合理而明確的發明動機與解決的問題,否則若僅是應用環境改變或是"簡單"置換到另一個領域,可能有新穎性,但都難以避免有「進步性」的問題」。
CAFC判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1065.Opinion.4-1-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/nifko27ghj4bx38uzl880hqpk0la917y)
資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/04/power-negative-limitations.html
Ron
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