2019年4月9日 星期二

使用習知標準,必然要有新穎的技術特徵 - Cleveland Clinic v. True Health Diagnostics (Fed. Cir. 2019)

本篇標題設為「使用習知標準,必然要有新穎的技術特徵」,事實上,可參考IPWatchdog部落格下的標題,本篇副標可以是「USPTO制訂的101審查指導方針並不約束法院("we are not bound by its guidance.")」,而是「法院在意的是與case law一致」-  Cleveland Clinic Foundation v. True Health Diagnostics (Fed. Cir. 2019)。

案件資料:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION, CLEVELAND HEARTLAB, INC.
被告/被上訴人:TRUE HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS LLC
判決日:April 1, 2019
系爭專利:US9,575,065、US9,581,597

系爭專利關於判斷病患在心血管疾病風險的診療方法,其中測試是基於發現大於白細胞和血液髓過氧化物酶(leukocyte and blood myeloperoxidase (MPO))的冠狀動脈疾病(coronary artery disease (CAD)),其中'065專利Claim 1:

1. A method of detecting elevated MPO mass in a patient sample comprising:
a) obtaining a plasma sample from a human patient having atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD); and
b) detecting elevated MPO mass in said plasma sample, as compared to a control MPO mass level from the general population or apparently healthy subjects, by contacting said plasma sample with anti-MPO antibodies and detecting binding between MPO in said plasma sample and said anti-MPO antibodies.

'597的Claim 1:

1. A method for identifying an elevated myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration in a plasma sample from a human subject with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease comprising:
a) contacting a sample with an anti-MPO antibody, wherein said sample is a plasma sample from a human subject having atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease;
b) spectrophotometrically detecting MPO levels in said plasma sample;
c) comparing said MPO levels in said plasma sample to a standard curve generated with known amounts of MPO to determine the MPO concentration in said sample; and
d) comparing said MPO concentration in said plasma sample from said human subject to a control MPO concentration from apparently healthy human subjects, and identifying said MPO concentration in said plasma sample from said human subject as being elevated compared to said control MPO concentration.

本案中,原告以系爭專利在法院對被告提出侵權告訴,被告提出專利不符專利適格性的請願(motion),地院同意。本案上訴CAFC。

而基於所述測試評估心血管疾病的風險的方法是否具備專利適格性成為本案主要議題,很不幸地,CAFC參考了雙方在2017年的訴訟結果,當年系爭專利US7,223,552也是相關的技術,被認為不符專利適格性規定(35 U.S.C. § 101),理由是發明沒有足以轉換發明抽象的本質為可專利應用的進步特徵(inventive concept)。



被告對系爭專利的評論是在CVD與MPO程度的關聯性是一種自然律,為習知手段,無關技術,也沒有inventive concept。法官同意,也考量前次2017年判決,作出一致的決定。



即便專利權人主張與前次訴訟中系爭專利不同,本次系爭專利具備技術手段,包括了inventive concept,法院引用前例Athena,認為在標準的方式上應用標準技術觀測自然律並不具備進步特徵(inventive concept)("there is no inventive concept in “applying standard techniques in a standard way to observe a natural law"),這裡補充的Ariosa意見:對於具有自然現象的方法專利,其中"附加特徵"必須為新穎且有用("For process claims that encompass natural phenomenon, the process steps are the additional features that must be new and useful.")。


也就是說,如果專利使用了習知標準,其中必然要有新穎的技術特徵(而且應該是對發明有意義的技術)才具備inventive concept


在此要件下,法院認為,系爭專利說明書與其記錄中都沒有揭露任何在標準方法中使用免疫分析(immunoassay)量測血液中MPO程度的技術障礙(impediment),而僅是揭露習知已知的免疫分析技術。



在法院中,專利權人Cleveland Clinic主張地院錯誤判決是因為沒有符合USPTO發出的2016年專利適格性審查指導方針(May 4, 2016版),也提出對應案例Skidmore,...,本次CAFC法官說:「我們不被PTO指導方針約束」("we are not bound by its guidance."),而法院在意的是:「要與判例一致」("we are mindful of the need for consistent application of our case law.")。因此,CAFC並不認為地方法院在此判決上有錯。



編按,雖然USPTO對於101議題陸續又有一些更新指導方針,但都是建立在舊有的基礎上,都有參考價值,可參考本部落格報導:美國2016可專利性備忘錄(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/10/2016.html),以及第2000篇:產業利用性v.美國專利法第101條(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/12/2000v101.html

CAFC最終判決同意地院決定,系爭專利僅採用習知標準而沒有新穎技術,沒有建立inventive concept,不具專利適格性。


my two cents:
本篇判決告訴我們很重要的信息:很多發明都使用了已經成為標準(習知)的技術,這時發明人要提出發明的新穎之處,至少說明書要揭示其中新穎之處,若以本次案例來說,使用了免疫分析的技術,如果申請專利範圍沒有"additional features",連專利適格性的檢測都過不了!

另外,在法院層次的辯論中,本篇告訴我們,提出"下級"單位的指示、方針,可能會有反效果,還是以法律案例為答辯依據比較好(編按,可能不見得每次都這樣)。


判決文:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1218.Opinion.4-1-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/dml9ciqzjlgach0k0ax33y2hlrjytmlo

資料參考:
IPWatchdog: http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2019/04/07/latest-cafc-ruling-cleveland-clinic-confirms-uspto-101-guidance-holds-little-weight/id=107998/

Ron

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