2024年1月2日 星期二

英國最高法院否決A.I.發明人 - [2023] UKSC 49

【2024開年第一篇】英國最高法院於12/20/2023作出最終判決,「DABUS案」資訊:https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2021-0201.html

本案緣起英國智慧財產局於4 December 2019駁回DABUS申請案(兩件),理由是發明人非可授予專利的人類,專利申請人Stephen Thaler,也是Dabus AI機器發明者,提起上訴,在英國高等法院與上訴法院都駁回上訴,最後上訴英國最高法院。

之前報導之一:
A.I.發明人Dabus的申請案以及澳洲聯邦法院案例(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2021/08/aidabus.html

"Dabus專利在美國、英國與歐洲因為非適格發明人而不予專利,但南非專利局(實際名稱是公司與智財委員會CIPC,網站:http://www.cipc.co.za/za/)卻於2021年7月同意以Dabus列為發明人的專利申請案,並做出公開文獻。"

英國最高法院"[2023] UKSC 49"案件資訊:
上訴人:Stephen L Thaler
被上訴人:Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks(智財局長)
系爭專利申請案:GB1816909.4、GB1818161.0

判決總結(有法院判決影片!):https://www.supremecourt.uk/watch/uksc-2021-0201/judgment.html

GB1816909.4揭露一種食物容器,CLAIM 1如下,UK專利局駁回理由如下。


案件經申請人上訴,英國高等法院與上訴法院都駁回上訴,案件最終上訴到英國最高法院。

幾個問題要解決:
(1)英國1977年專利法第13(2)(a)條是否可讓AI成為發明人?
(2)英國專利法是否可讓非人類發明人取得專利權?
(3)如果發明人是AI,AI裝置的擁有者、創造者和使用者可否取得發明專利?

參考英國專利法第7, 13條

英國專利法第7條規範申請與取得專利的權利(Section 7 of the 1977 Act),涉及"發明人"的意思,誰可以對發明提出專利申請案,以及誰可以取得專利權
7 Right to apply for and obtain a patent. 
(1) Any person may make an application for a patent either alone or jointly with another.
(2) A patent for an invention may be granted— 
(a) primarily to the inventor or joint inventors; 
(b) in preference to the foregoing, to any person or persons who, by virtue of any enactment or rule of law, or any foreign law or treaty or international convention, or by virtue of an enforceable term of any agreement entered into with the inventor before the making of the invention, was or were at the time of the making of the invention entitled to the whole of the property in it (other than equitable interests) in the United Kingdom; 
(c) in any event, to the successor or successors in title of any person or persons mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) above or any person so mentioned and the successor or successors in title of another person so mentioned; and to no other person.
(3) In this Act ‘inventor’ in relation to an invention means the actual deviser of the invention and ‘joint inventor’ shall be construed accordingly. 
(4) Except so far as the contrary is established, a person who makes an application for a patent shall be taken to be the person who is entitled under subsection (2) above to be granted a patent and two or more persons who make such an application jointly shall be taken to be the persons so entitled.”

所述"inventor"並未明文限制是"自然人/natural person“,因此有待法院解釋,關鍵在section 7(2)(b)規定專利應准給"any person or persons",是發明人,並且擁有全部的財產(entitled to whole of the property),在section 7(2)(c)規定專利可准給上述"person"(申請人或擁有人)的繼承者。


英國專利法第13條規範專利文件應述及"inventor"(發明人姓名表示權):

“13 Mention of inventor. 
(1) The inventor or joint inventors of an invention shall have a right to be mentioned as such in any patent granted for the invention and shall also have a right to be so mentioned if possible in any published application for a patent for the invention and, if not so mentioned, a right to be so mentioned in accordance with rules in a prescribed document. 
(2) Unless he has already given the Patent Office the information hereinafter mentioned, an applicant for a patent shall within the prescribed period file with the Patent Office a statement— 
(a) identifying the person or persons whom he believes to be the inventor or inventors; and 
(b) where the applicant is not the sole inventor or the applicants are not the joint inventors, indicating the derivation of his or their right to be granted the patent; and, if he fails to do so, the application shall be taken to be withdrawn.
(3) Where a person has been mentioned as sole or joint inventor in pursuance of this section, any other person who alleges that the former ought not to have been so mentioned may at any time apply to the comptroller for a certificate to that effect, and the comptroller may issue such a certificate; and if he does so, he shall accordingly rectify any undistributed copies of the patent and of any documents prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) above.”

議題(1)英國1977年專利法第13(2)(a)條定義的"inventor"為何?是否可讓AI成為發明人?("Issue 1: The scope and meaning of “inventor” in the 1977 Act")

英國專利局接受"Dabus"發明了申請案中所描述的技術(這裡的英文是"technical advance",不是用"invention"~)的說法,但是不能接受Dabus是法律規定的發明人!

英國最高法院同意上述專利局判斷。根據sections 7, 13 of 1977 Act規定的"inventor"是自然人,Dabus是機器,不是"人",也就不是自然人。特別地,法院設計了一點文字遊戲,法院以"technical advance"描述Dabus的技術貢獻,而不是用"invention";以"create"或"generate"描述Dabus的作為,而不是用"devise"或是"invent"。顯而易見地,法院的用語就可以說明不能承認Dabus是法律規定的"inventor"


根據法律規定,有三類人可以取得專利權,第一就是發明人(inventor),第二是在發明完成時可以擁有專利權的人(如職務上發明),第三則是上述兩種人的繼承人。明顯地,Dabus並非這些類別的人法院從各種法條與各種角度切入這個議題,這個議題的結論是


議題(2),根據英國專利法,Dr. Thaler可否成為Dabus創造的"technical advance"的任何發明的擁有人,並取得專利?如果發明人是AI,AI裝置的擁有者、創造者和使用者可否取得發明專利?("Issue 2: Was Dr Thaler nevertheless the owner of any invention in any technical advance made by DABUS and entitled to apply for and obtain a patent in respect of it?")

法院認為,Dr. Thaler面對兩個重大的困難,第一,Dabus是機器,沒有法定人格,也不可能是發明人,這是直指專利系統的核心價值,Dabus無法取得發明的壟斷權;第二,Dr. Thaler並沒有取得專利的權利。

雖Dr. Thaler爭辯,基於他是Dabus的擁有人,他有權提出專利申請案,並獲准專利權。但是法院認為,Dr. Thaler非發明人本身,但發明需要一個發明人,根據以上判斷,Dabus並非發明人,如此,法律並沒有授予Dr. Thaler申請並獲准專利。

如果沒有"發明人",也就沒有人可以在發明完成時取得所有權,也沒有後續的繼承人,就沒有任何人可以取得本案發明/或說"technical advance"的權利。如此,當要挑戰專利系統的基本,Dabus並未能滿足法律規定的"inventor",整個申請、獲准、授權等法律規範違的行為就沒有基礎,Dr. Thaler連一點權利都拿不到。


議題(3)是否法官/政府可以判定申請案形同撤銷?("Issue 3: Was the Hearing Officer entitled to hold that the applications would be taken to be withdrawn?")

基於Dabus不是法律規定的發明人的判決,Dr. Thaler也沒有建立有權可以申請專利並獲准專利權的基礎,不能簡單因為他擁有Dabus這個機器而能取得這些權利。


基於挑戰體制的案例,法院與政府自然有權作出以上決定。


結論:撤銷上訴。


my two cents:
Dr. Thaler算是輸得很徹底,我想這也是他想要衝撞體制的代價,可預期的代價,但已經是青史留名了~~~不過有預感將來的某一天...這個"冤屈"會被平反,因為A.I.法官即將出現~^~^~|||

我覺得,英國最高法院把該講的都講完了,用了很長的篇幅論述法律規定的inventorship,應該在有限的未來可能無法被推翻...不過,上一段已經隨便無責任地預測...。本篇判決應該可以是相關議題的教科書。我的理解也僅是一些標題與關鍵字,有興趣者可以參考原文與各種議題的始末。


其他各國判決:
歐洲專利局駁回AI為發明人的專利申請案(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/09/ai.html
- A.I.發明人Dabus的申請案以及澳洲聯邦法院案例(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2021/08/aidabus.html
- A.I.發明人現況 - DABUS / Thaler v. Vidal(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2023/04/ai-dabus-thaler-v-vidal.html
- AI不是法律上之「人」- 110年度行專訴字第3號(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2021/09/ai-1103.html
- A.I.不能是發明人;或說發明人不能是非人類 - Thaler v. Hirshfeld, App No. 21-02347 (Fed. Cir. 2022)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2023/04/ai-thaler-v-hirshfeld-app-no-21-02347.html

Ron

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