以上資料來源:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/莫霍克人
本案資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:SAINT REGIS MOHAWK TRIBE, ALLERGAN, INC.
被上訴人:MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC., TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC., AKORN, INC.
判決日:July 20, 2018(en banc拒絕受理,本篇討論CAFC判決)
系爭專利:
系爭專利關於一個乾眼症藥"Restasis",專利權人於2015年對Mylan提出專利侵權告訴,被上訴人Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.則於2016年對多件系爭專利提出IPR,同時也有其他人也對系爭專利提出IPR。
與本次議題相關的是,在IPR審查之前,專利權人Allergan將專利轉移到「Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe」,並主張「sovereign immunity(豁免)」請願,IPR異議人Mylan聲稱這個轉移協定是要迴避IPR,之後,PTAB駁回這個豁免請願(sovereign immunity),專利權人對此議題提出上訴。
案件到CAFC,CAFC先依據28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A)(有關法院管轄權)判斷PTAB的決定是否有任意、反復與濫用等違法的問題?
[法條]
28 U.S. Code § 1295(a)(4)(A) - Jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit(https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1295)
(a)The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shall have exclusive jurisdiction—
...
(4)of an appeal from a decision of—
(A)
...
the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the United States Patent and Trademark Office with respect to a patent application, derivation proceeding, reexamination, post-grant review, or inter partes review under title 35, at the instance of a party who exercised that party’s right to participate in the applicable proceeding before or appeal to the Board, except that an applicant or a party to a derivation proceeding may also have remedy by civil action pursuant to section 145 or 146 of title 35; an appeal under this subparagraph of a decision of the Board with respect to an application or derivation proceeding shall waive the right of such applicant or party to proceed under section 145 or 146 of title 35;
此議題特別的是關於「Mohawk Tribe」(印第安人)等少數民族的司法豁免權,然而,對於美國境內少數民族的豁免權源自普通法(common law),並不擴及聯邦政府提起的訴訟,也就是美國聯邦政府通過代理機構行使的調查並不適用所述豁免。(判決中引用案例雖非專利侵權相關,但是也是少數民族在聯邦等級訴訟的不適用案例)
當雙方爭執是否少數民族豁免權適用IPR,因為提出異議的人是私人公司,並非法條上認定的聯邦機構(USPTO),但IPR異議人主張,豁免權可能造成市場異常,IPR是傳統的司法代理程序,不能適用豁免權。被上訴人繼續主張,專利權人與Mohawk Tribe的合同是假的,僅是用來規避IPR,而且在提起專利侵權訴訟時,已經放棄了豁免權。
法院觀點是,IPR這個制度混合了行政與司法權,政府與USPTO的立場是保護公眾利益,IPR制度是用來檢驗當初USPTO核准的決定,也重新考慮這個特許的權利。
在IPR審理過程中,其中官員已經受到聯邦政府的授權,以作出啟始(institute)或不啟始的決定,即便專利權為某個部落所擁有,IPR審理機構的官員已被授權作出決定,不受到豁免權約束。
"Therefore, if IPR proceeds on patents owned by a tribe, it is because a politically accountable, federal official has authorized the institution of that proceeding."
IPR並非屬於設立少數民族訴訟豁免權的程序。
"Finally, while the USPTO has the authority to conduct reexamination proceedings that are more inquisitorial and less adjudicatory than IPR, this does not mean that IPR is thus necessarily a proceeding in which Congress contemplated tribal immunity to apply."
最高法院在Cuozzo案表態再審程序與IPR同樣是再次檢驗代理機關(USPTO)決定的基本手段。
"Notably, the Supreme Court in Cuozzo recognized inter partes reexamination and IPR have the same “basic purposes, namely to reexamine an agency decision.”"
CAFC判決(含en banc拒絕受理):同意PTAB在「是否豁免」議題的決定 - 少數民族的豁免權不適用聯邦政府提起的行為,包括受到聯邦政府授權USPTO執行的IPR。
my two cents:
這樣看來專利權人算盤打錯了。美國政府對少數民族的保障(訴訟豁免)是適用區域性的普通法,但對於如專利侵權或行政等聯邦等級的訴訟,則無法適用豁免權。
判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1638.Opinion.7-20-2018.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/enizi3z43utolb4avsmnah07tlfhsgkl)
其他參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/10/indian-sovereign-immunity.html
Ron