案件資訊:
申請號:16/524,350
申請日:July 29, 2019(尚未公開)
發明人:Dabus, invention generated by artificial intelligence
申請人:Stephen L. Thaler
USPTO發出notice of file missing parts日期:August 8, 2019/第二次:December 13, 2019
第一次請願日期:August 29, 2019
拒絕請願(拒絕撤銷此通知的決定):December 17, 2019
第二次請願日期:January 20, 2020
本次請願決定日期:April 22, 2020
這件專利申請案目前面臨的問題是USPTO發出「notice of file missing parts」:缺少"發明人",因此被拒絕審理,案件經"申請人"提出請願(petition),仍被拒絕審理。
根據這份請願決定(Decision on Petition),伴隨申請案的文件,如ADS,列出發明人為"DABUS",還"故意"在其姓氏欄位填入"invention generated by artificial intelligence",申請人則是:Stephen L. Thaler。
對此申請案,USPTO發出補件通知(notice of file missing parts),要求補上發明人,申請人提出請願(petition),請願被拒絕。
引用法條為:
請願人宣稱系爭案發明由名為"DABUS"的機器所產生,此創造型機器為一序列受到相關領域一般資訊訓練的神經網路所產生,還宣稱此機器並非創造用來解決特定問題,不是以發明相關的特定資料所訓練的機器(這是用來排除Dabus本身是發明的工具)。請願人主張專利發明人並非要限定在自然人。
USPTO的意見是,各法條設定的「發明人」為「自然人」,法條中皆以whoever, himself, herself等稱呼,是個「person」,字面上無法涵蓋「機器」。
CAFC也有前例,如Univ. of Utah v. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften e. V.,其中關於「一個州/國家不能是發明人」,相關其他案例也都明示,發明人必須要是自然人。
MPEP 2137.01(II)規範發明中「概念/構想(conception)」的形成為「創造行為的心智部分的完整表現」("the complete performance of the mental part of the inventive act"),涉及心智部分,因此發明必須由自然人執行。
既然申請人都承認申請案主張的發明是機器創造的,就於法不容。
[法條]
MPEP 2137.01
II. AN INVENTOR MUST CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONCEPTION OF THE INVENTION
The definition for inventorship can be simply stated: "The threshold question in determining inventorship is who conceived the invention. Unless a person contributes to the conception of the invention, he is not an inventor. … Insofar as defining an inventor is concerned, reduction to practice, per se, is irrelevant [except for simultaneous conception and reduction to practice, Fiers v. Revel, 984 F.2d 1164, 1168, 25 USPQ2d 1601, 1604-05 (Fed. Cir. 1993)]. One must contribute to the conception to be an inventor." In re Hardee, 223 USPQ 1122, 1123 (Comm’r Pat. 1984). See also Board of Education ex rel. Board of Trustees of Florida State Univ. v. American Bioscience Inc., 333 F.3d 1330, 1340, 67 USPQ2d 1252, 1259 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ("Invention requires conception." With regard to the inventorship of chemical compounds, an inventor must have a conception of the specific compounds being claimed. "[G]eneral knowledge regarding the anticipated biological properties of groups of complex chemical compounds is insufficient to confer inventorship status with respect to specifically claimed compounds."); Ex parte Smernoff, 215 USPQ 545, 547 (Bd. App. 1982) ("one who suggests an idea of a result to be accomplished, rather than the means of accomplishing it, is not an coinventor"). See MPEP § 2138.04 - § 2138.05 for a discussion of what evidence is required to establish conception or reduction to practice.
請願決定(Decision on Petition)檔案:https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/16524350_22apr2020.pdf
過去的報導,討論過一些有關A.I.的inventorship或是A.I.相關發明:AI發明相關議題(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/09/ai_18.html)
其他:
- AI專利範例討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/09/ai_11.html)
- AI專利?日本專利局與事務所資訊(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/09/ai.html)
- A.I.律師(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/09/ai.html)
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2020/04/rejects-invention-inventor.html
my two cents:
這個議題會影響多少?這以A.I.機器人作為發明人的申請案顯然是律師"故意"(故意在發明人的姓氏欄位填入"invention generated by artificial intelligence")想碰觸這個議題的申請案,倒是跑出不少話題。一個很中立的講法是,不是拒絕A.I.作為發明人,而是法規要跟上,至少形成輿論,產生立法壓力,這...對於立法的演進來看是正常不過了!
對應歐洲專利的討論:https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/can-ai-be-an-inventor-not-at-the-74975/
本篇報導,EPO於2020年1月發布駁回兩件發明人為「Dabus」的專利申請案的理由,英國專利局(UKIPO)也以類似的理由駁回專利申請案。
Mr. Dabus為A.I.(Artificial Intelligence,人工智能)機器人,為兩件專利(其一即對應本篇討論美案16/524,350)的發明人,專利發明人所屬相關的AI系統(計畫)的開發者為Dr. Stephen Thaler(專利申請人),兩件發明分別關於LED作為緊急照明信號的技術,以及食物容器。
EPO與UKIPO駁回申請案的議題都是「A.I.是否可以成為專利的發明人?」,駁回的理由都是於法不容,英國專利局表示,其專利法與法院都沒有支持A.I.發明人的概念,進一步的想法是,如果A.I.不能擁有智慧財產權,就不能讓與任何權利給申請人。