野生動物攝影師(David Slater)在叢林(印尼)內"非故意地"擺了一台照相機一陣子,結果拿回相機時,發現被一隻蘇拉威西獼猴(Sulawesi macaque monkey)拿去把玩後,從鏡頭看到自己的倒影,之後還招來了更多隻獼猴一起把玩,最後顯然某隻獼猴"不小心"地觸按到快門鍵,因此拍下了幾張精彩的照片。事後來看這些精彩的照片難以想像是猴子自拍selfie的,但在這種危險的野生獼猴前,應該是難以從容取得這樣自在的畫面!
結果就產生了「著作權」歸屬的問題?
法律是人定的,規範的是人的行為,而"獼猴"畢竟不是人,由牠們有意無意產生的創作是否因此"擁有"該著作權?或是是由提供器材的"人"所擁有?或是....。與之前好萊塢大明星自拍的著作權討論差不多(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2014/03/blog-post_7.html),也是可以從幾個問題中釐清誰是著作權人?
"誰"設計這個拍攝行為?
拿起相機拍攝的"人"是誰?創作"人"是誰?
"誰"貢獻這個拍攝行為?
有誰出資拍照?
"Unfortunately, Wikipedia took the onus to declare it as falling under the public domain. Slater may now be taking this decision to court. With the results holding grave ramifications on copyright law and long-held notions of ownership and authorship, the case has gripped both legal and photography professions around the world."(出自新聞稿)
攝影師David Slater在一些新聞稿極力為自己辯護,說這些拍照是自己設計的,應該擁有著作權。
"I sat close by them, camera at the ready as always. I must have tuned in to them, because after some time a few brave monkeys began to come closer, slowly but surely began paying me more attention..."
"I decided to set up the camera on a beanbag on a log, self-timer all set. I was afraid they would run off of course, but they didn't. Rather, they grabbed my camera!"
"So I put my camera on a tripod with a very wide angle lens, settings configured such as predictive autofocus, motorwind, even a flashgun, to give me a chance of a facial close up if they were to approach again for a play. I duly moved away and bingo, they moved in, fingering the toy, pressing the buttons and fingering the lens."
攝影師大方地供人下載照片與一些檔案:
後語:
首先聲明,這是我個人意見。
參考一下中華民國著作權法第四十條:
(攝影師與猴子共同創作?)共同著作各著作人之應有部份,依共同著作人間之約定定之;無約定者,依各著作人參與創作之程度定之。 各著作人參與創作之程度不明時,推定為均等。
最後還是"人"的問題!而且猴子應該無法表達行使著作財產權的"同意權"。
我個人認為,攝影師應該會在官司中取得著作權,因為這位攝影機在相關領域已經出名,難說這些照片是"意外"產生,要不然這些照片應該如何產生?當然要有人去現場、設定照相機、擺在某獼猴會出現的地方、還有正確拍攝!還有,當猴子要自拍,除非是訓練有素,野生獼猴很難觸動相機上的開關(一般是"指撥"開關),也可能需要設定成自動對焦,然後設定好該有的曝光值、白平衡、快門與光圈...(職業攝影師在自己拍照時應該不會將這些設為自動),這樣可以合理"懷疑"這是設定過的相機,被獼猴拿走時才可以得到這麼棒的照片。
但不論著作權(官司中)的歸屬,這個議題已經讓這位攝影師更出名了!
資料參考:
http://www.djsphotography.co.uk/(故事來源)
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2011051/Black-macaque-takes-self-portrait-Monkey-borrows-photographers-camera.html(新聞來源)
http://www.picanova.com/monkeyselfie/(免費下載照片的網站,原始檔要付費)
http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news/2011/07/photo-monkey-steals-camera-takes-self-portraits.html
Ron
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